Integrative taxonomy widens our knowledge of the diversity, distribution and biology of the genus Plakina (Homosclerophorida: Plakinidae)
Guilherme Muricy
A F , Celso Domingos A E , Anaíra Lage A , Emilio Lanna B , Cristiane C. P. Hardoim A C D , Marinella S. Laport C and Carla Zilberberg E *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Quinta da Boa Vista, s/no, São Cristóvão, CEP 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
B Laboratório de Embriologia e Biologia Reprodutiva, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), CEP 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
C Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular e Marinha, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
D Current address: Laboratório de Interações Hospedeiro-Microbiota, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n°- Parque Bitaru, CEP 11380-972, São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
E Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CEP 21941-090, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
F Corresponding author. Email: muricy@mn.ufrj.br
Invertebrate Systematics 33(2) 367-401 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18027
Submitted: 27 March 2018 Accepted: 4 August 2018 Published: 9 April 2019
Abstract
Despite the evolutionary significance of Homoscleromorpha, their diversity and biology are largely unknown. Here we integrate data of morphology, cytology, microbiology, ecology, reproduction, and mitochondrial cox-1 and cob gene sequences to resolve a complex of sympatric species of Plakina in South-eastern Brazil. All datasets congruently supported the delimitation of three species, two of which are new to science. Plakina coerulea has its distribution extended from one locality to over 2360 km wide. Plakina cabofriense, sp. nov. also occurs in North-eastern Brazil. Plakina cyanorosea, sp. nov. occurs only in a single, small tide pool and may be critically endangered. Plakina cyanorosea, sp. nov. produces conspicuous, abundant larvae useful for laboratory investigations. A thin, bright orange organic coat covers some spicules of P. cabofriense, sp. nov. and P. cyanorosea, sp. nov. The three Plakina species harbour diverse microbial symbiont communities, including previously unknown morphologies. Molecular phylogenies and barcoding gaps based on cox-1 and cob sequences supported that each species is monophyletic and distinct from other congeners. The genus Plakina is paraphyletic and strongly needs redefinition. The integrative approach provides new data that widens our knowledge of Homoscleromorpha diversity, distribution and biology.
Additional keywords: Brazil, cox-1, cob, cytology, ecology, Homoscleromorpha, microbiology, morphology, Porifera, reproduction, SW Atlantic.
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