Humpback spiders from Ecuador: relationships, prosoma ‘inflation’ and genital asymmetry (Araneae: Pholcidae: Mecolaesthus)
Bernhard A. Huber
A * , Guanliang Meng A , Nadine Dupérré B , Mauricio Herrera C , Diego J. Inclán C D and Benjamin Wipfler A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Arachnology Section, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
B Museum of Nature Hamburg, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, D-21046 Hamburg, Germany.
C Sección Invertebrados, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Sección Invertebrados, Quito, Ecuador.
D Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
Invertebrate Systematics 37(2) 117-151 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS22052
Submitted: 11 October 2022 Accepted: 12 January 2023 Published: 20 February 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Abstract
Males of the South American spider genus Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893 are characterised by a dorsally ‘inflated’ prosoma or hump. Here we describe the first representatives of the genus from Ecuador. A phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data suggests that the new species are part of an Amazonian-West Indian clade. Whether this clade is sister to ‘true’ (northern Venezuelan) Mecolaesthus or not remains unclear. The two clades occupy different major Neotropical biogeographic regions. Our phylogenetic reanalysis of Mecolaesthus and related genera greatly expands the taxon sampling compared to previous analyses (from 9 to 46 species representing the ‘Venezuelan clade’ of genera) but remains ambiguous regarding the monophyly of Mecolaesthus. In addition, we present first micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) data of the unique prosoma ‘inflation’, showing that these ‘inflations’ are tightly packed with muscles inserted at the leg coxae, mainly of legs 2 and 3. Male (but not female) leg length is negatively correlated with body size and this is highly unusual in Pholcidae. We predict that male–male fights in Mecolaesthus rely on powerful leg movements of legs 2 and 3 rather than on using legs 1 to assess the opponent’s body size. Finally, we document structural genital asymmetry in females of three of the four new species and in M. putumayo Huber, 2000 (of which the female is newly described). This constitutes the fourth known case of structural genital asymmetry in Pholcidae.
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3110BCD6-BA65-45E2-A758-71F2767BD6E4
Keywords: µ-CT, male–male fights, muscles, neotropical, phylogeny, sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, taxonomy.
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