Recovery of the family status of Pericambalidae Silvestri, 1909, stat. nov. (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidea), with a revision of the genera and species from China
Xuan-Kong Jiang
A , William A. Shear B , Li-Ping Ye A , Hui-Ming Chen A * and Zhi-Cai Xie C *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550009, PR China.
B Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA.
C CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
Invertebrate Systematics 37(1) 78-100 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS22044
Submitted: 29 August 2022 Accepted: 7 November 2022 Published: 24 January 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Abstract
The millipede subfamily Pericambalinae Silvestri, 1909 is poorly understood and the taxonomic status remains controversial. Pericambalinae was regarded as either a subfamily of Cambalopsidae or an independent family. To address this issue, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis and a morphological revision, and the genera and species from China are also revised. The results support the recovery of the family status, Pericambalidae, stat. nov. The morphological differences between Bilingulus Zhang & Li, 1981 and Parabilingulus Zhang & Li, 1981 are shown to be caused by post-embryonic development (anamorphosis and non-systemic metamorphosis) and both of these should be junior synonyms of Pericambala Silvestri, 1909 (Pericambala = Bilingulus, syn. nov. = Parabilingulus, syn. nov.). Three new combinations are proposed: Pericambala simplicia (Mauriès & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, 1997), comb. nov., Pericambala aramula (Zhang & Li, 1981), comb. nov. and Pericambala sinica (Zhang & Li, 1981), comb. nov. The mature specimens of Pericambala simplicia, comb. nov. and Pericambala aramula, comb. nov. were collected from the type localities and are described for the first time. A new species, Pericambala cordata, sp. nov. is described. After revision, Pericambalidae contains two genera and six species with one genus and four species recorded from China. Due to a deficiency in outgroup sampling, the phylogenetic status of Pericambalidae in the suborder Cambalidea remains uncertain. Variation of the gnathochilarium in Cambalidea is discussed and a key to the species of Pericambala in China is also provided. This research lays a foundation for further revision of Cambalidea in the future.
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BDA46BCE-102B-45FE-A963-47F029A09E76.
Keywords: anamorphosis, diversity, millipede, new combination, new species, non-systemic metamorphosis, synonyms, systematics.
References
Astrin, JJ, and Stüben, PE (2008). Phylogeny in cryptic weevils: molecules, morphology and new genera of western Palaearctic Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Invertebrate Systematics 22, 503–522.| Phylogeny in cryptic weevils: molecules, morphology and new genera of western Palaearctic Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Attems C (1926) Myriopoda. In ‘Handbuch der Zoologie’. (Ed. W Kükenthal) Vierter Band, pp. 4(1), 1–6. (Erste Hälfte: Berlin, Leipzig, Germany) [In German]
Attems, C (1928). The Myriopoda of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 26, 1–431.
Carl, J (1911). Drei neue Diplopoden des Genfer Museums. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 19, 397–407.
Carstens, BC, Pelletier, TA, Reid, NM, and Satler, JD (2013). How to fail at species delimitation. Molecular Ecology 22, 4369–4383.
| How to fail at species delimitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook OF (1895) Introductory note on the families of Diplopoda. In ‘The Craspedosomatidae of North America’. (Eds OF Cook, GN Collins) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 1–9. (New York Academy of Sciences: New York, NY, USA)
| Crossref |
de Queiroz, K (2007). Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56, 879–886.
| Species concepts and species delimitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drago, L, Fusco, G, and Minelli, A (2008). Non-systemic metamorphosis in male millipede appendages: long delayed, reversible effect of an early localized positional marker? Frontiers in Zoology 5, 5.
| Non-systemic metamorphosis in male millipede appendages: long delayed, reversible effect of an early localized positional marker?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drago, L, Fusco, G, Garollo, E, and Minelli, A (2011). Structural aspects of leg-to-gonopod metamorphosis in male helminthomorph millipedes (Diplopoda). Frontiers in Zoology 8, 19.
| Structural aspects of leg-to-gonopod metamorphosis in male helminthomorph millipedes (Diplopoda).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Edgecombe, GD, Giribet, G, and Wheeler, WC (2002). Phylogeny of Henicopidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): a combined analysis of morphology and five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 27, 31–64.
| Phylogeny of Henicopidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): a combined analysis of morphology and five molecular loci.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enghoff, H, Dohle, W, and Blower, JG (1993). Anamorphosis in millipedes (Diplopoda)—the present state of knowledge with some developmental and phylogenetic considerations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 109, 103–234.
| Anamorphosis in millipedes (Diplopoda)—the present state of knowledge with some developmental and phylogenetic considerations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enghoff H, Golovatch SI, Short M, Stoev P, Wesener T (2015) Diplopoda — taxonomic overview. In ‘Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda’. (Ed. A Minelli) Vol. 2, pp. 363–454. (Brill: Leiden, Netherlands)
Giribet, G, Carranza, S, Baguna, J, Riutort, M, and Ribera, C (1996). First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13, 76–84.
| First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Golovatch, SI, and Liu, WX (2020). Diversity, distribution patterns, and fauno-genesis of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of mainland China. ZooKeys 930, 153–198.
| Diversity, distribution patterns, and fauno-genesis of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of mainland China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Golovatch, SI, Geoffroy, J-J, Mauriès, J-P, and VandenSpiegel, D (2007). Review of the millipede genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847, with descriptions of new species from Southeast Asia (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae). Part 2. The javanicus-group. Zoosystema 29, 417–456.
Hillis, DM, and Dixon, MT (1991). Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference. The Quarterly Review of Biology 66, 411–453.
| Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffman, RL (1977). Diplopoda from Malayan caves, collected by M. Pierre Strinati. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 84, 699–719.
| Diplopoda from Malayan caves, collected by M. Pierre Strinati.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffman RL (1980) ‘Classification of the Diplopoda.’ (Muséum d’Histoire naturelle: Paris, France)
Iniesta, LFM, Enghoff, H, Brescovit, AD, and Bouzan, RS (2020). Phylogenetic placement of the monotypic genus Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913 and notes on the systematics of Pseudonannolenidae (Spirostreptida: Cambalidea). Invertebrate Systematics 34, 661–677.
| Phylogenetic placement of the monotypic genus Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913 and notes on the systematics of Pseudonannolenidae (Spirostreptida: Cambalidea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jeekel CAW (1971) ‘Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: A list of the genus and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from the 10th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957.’ (Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging: Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Jeekel, CAW (1985). The distribution of the Diplocheta and the “lost” continent Pacifica (Diplopoda). Bijdragen Tot de Dierkunde 55, 100–112.
Jeekel, CAW (2004). A bibliographic catalogue of the “Cambaloidea” (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida). Myriapod Memoranda 7, 43–109.
Jiang, XK, Hennen, DA, Chen, HM, and Xie, ZC (2020). First description of the male of Glyphiulus formosus (Pocock, 1895) (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae) from China. Zootaxa 4861, 281–289.
| First description of the male of Glyphiulus formosus (Pocock, 1895) (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae) from China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jiang, XK, Zhang, ZX, Chen, HM, and Xie, ZC (2021). Description of Hypocambala zizhongi sp. nov. and the new combination, Glyphiulus polytrichus (Golovatch et al., 2011) comb. nov., based on morphological and molecular data (Spirostreptida: Cambalidea: Cambalopsidae). Zootaxa 4903, 405–418.
| Description of Hypocambala zizhongi sp. nov. and the new combination, Glyphiulus polytrichus (Golovatch et al., 2011) comb. nov., based on morphological and molecular data (Spirostreptida: Cambalidea: Cambalopsidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jiang, XK, Chen, HM, and Xie, ZC (2022). Description of two new species of the genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847 (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5141, 358–372.
| Description of two new species of the genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847 (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae) from southern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumar, S, Stecher, G, and Tamura, K (2016). MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, 1870–1874.
| MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lanfear, R, Frandsen, PB, Wright, AM, Senfeld, T, and Calcott, B (2016). PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34, 772–773.
| PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Latzel R (1884) ‘Die Myriopoden der Österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. Zweite Hälfte. Die Symphylen, Pauropoden und Diplopoden.’ (Hölder: Vienna, Austria) [In German]
Likhitrakarn, N, Golovatch, SI, Srisonchai, R, Brehier, F, Lin, A, Sutcharit, C, and Panha, S (2018). Two new species of the millipede family Cambalopsidae from Myanmar (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida). ZooKeys 760, 55–71.
| Two new species of the millipede family Cambalopsidae from Myanmar (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Likhitrakarn, N, Golovatch, SI, Jeratthitikul, E, Srisonchai, R, Sutcharit, C, and Panha, S (2020). A remarkable new species of the millipede genus Trachyjulus Peters, 1864 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae) from Thailand, based both on morphological and molecular evidence. ZooKeys 925, 55–72.
| A remarkable new species of the millipede genus Trachyjulus Peters, 1864 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae) from Thailand, based both on morphological and molecular evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu, W, and Wynne, JJ (2019). Cave millipede diversity with the description of six new species from Guangxi, China. Subterranean Biology 30, 57–94.
| Cave millipede diversity with the description of six new species from Guangxi, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loomis, HF (1938). The cambaloid millipeds of the United States, including a family new to the fauna and new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86, 27–66.
| The cambaloid millipeds of the United States, including a family new to the fauna and new genera and species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mauriès, J-P (1977). Le genre Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847, et sa place dans la classification des Cambalides, à propos de la description d’une nouvelle espèce du Viêt-Nam (Diplopoda, Iulida, Cambalidea). Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle 3e Série, Zoologie 301, 243–250.
Mauriès, J-P (1983). Cambalides nouveaux et peu connus d’Asie, d’Amérique et d’Océanie. I, Cambalidae et Cambalopsidae (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Série 2 42, 509–519.
Mauriès, J-P (1987). Cambalides nouveaux et peu connus d’Asie, d’Amérique et d’Océanie. II. Pseudonannolenidae, Choctellidae (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 4e Série, Section A, Zoologie 9, 169–199.
Mauriès, J-P (1992). Sur la vraie place du genre Protosilvestria Handschin dans la classifi cation des Diplopodes Iuliformes. Berichte des Naturwissentschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 10, 23–31.
Mauriès, J-P, and Enghoff, H (1990). A new genus of cambaloid millipedes from Vietnam (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 21, 91–96.
| A new genus of cambaloid millipedes from Vietnam (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalopsidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mauriès, J-P, and Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M (1997). Nouveaux craspedosomides et glyphiulides cavernicoles de Chine (Diplopoda). Mémoires de Biospéologie 24, 49–62.
Mikhaljova, EV (2019). Identities of the millipede genera Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901 and Ansiulus Takakuwa, 1940 (Diplopoda: Julida: Mongoliulidae), with emphasis on the postembryonic development of Skleroprotopus coreanus (Pocock, 1895). Zootaxa 4551, 501–529.
| Identities of the millipede genera Skleroprotopus Attems, 1901 and Ansiulus Takakuwa, 1940 (Diplopoda: Julida: Mongoliulidae), with emphasis on the postembryonic development of Skleroprotopus coreanus (Pocock, 1895).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moritz, L, and Wesener, T (2021). Electrocambalidae fam. nov., a new family of Cambalidea from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida). European Journal of Taxonomy 755, 22–46.
| Electrocambalidae fam. nov., a new family of Cambalidea from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ronquist, F, Teslenko, M, van der Mark, P, Ayres, DL, Darling, A, Höhna, S, Larget, B, Liu, L, Suchard, MA, and Huelsenbeck, JP (2012). MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61, 539–542.
| MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sayers, EW, Bolton, EE, Brister, JR, Canese, K, Chan, J, Comeau, DC, Connor, R, Funk, K, Kelly, C, Kim, S, Madej, T, Marchler-Bauer, A, Lanczycki, C, Lathrop, S, Lu, Z, Thibaud-Nissen, F, Murphy, T, Phan, L, Skripchenko, Y, Tse, T, Wang, J, Williams, R, Trawick, BW, Pruitt, KD, and Sherry, ST (2022). Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Nucleic Acids Research 50, D20–D26.
| Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schubart, O (1946). “Cambalopsis nordquisti” Attems da Ásia oriental, habitante do Distrito Federal do Brasil (Diplopoda, Cambalopsidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 6, 395–406.
Shear W (2011) Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In ‘Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness’. (Ed. ZQ Zhang) pp. 159–164. (Magnolia Press: Auckland, New Zealand)
| Crossref |
Shelley, RM (2003). A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta 11, 187–207.
Shelley, RM (2007). Taxonomy of extant Diplopoda (millipeds) in the modern era: Perspectives for future advancements and observations on the global diplopod community (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Zootaxa 1668, 343–362.
| Taxonomy of extant Diplopoda (millipeds) in the modern era: Perspectives for future advancements and observations on the global diplopod community (Arthropoda: Diplopoda).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shelley RM, Sierwald P, Kiser SB, Golovatch SI (2000) ‘Nomenclator Generum et Familiarum Diplopodorum II: a list of the genus- and family-group names in the Class Diplopoda from 1958 through 1999.’ (Pensoft Publishers: Sofia, Bulgaria)
Silvestri, F (1896). I Diplopodi. Parte I, Sistematica. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 36, 121–254.
Silvestri, F (1897). Systema Diplopodum. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova 38, 644–651.
Silvestri, F (1909). Descrizione di una nuova famiglia di Diplopoda Cambaloidea del Tonkino. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria Della R. Scuola Superiore d’ Agricoltura in Portici 4, 66–70.
Sket, B (2008). Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History 42, 1549–1563.
| Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stamatakis, A (2014). RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30, 1312–1313.
| RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Verhoeff, KW (1931). Gliederfüßler: Arthropoda, II. Abteilung: Myriapoda. 2. Buch: Diplopoda. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs 5, 1675–1834.
Verhoeff, KW (1944). Zur Kenntnis der Cambaliden und über einige neue australische Formen derselben. Zoologischer Anzeiger 145, 27–45.
Wang D, Mauriès J-P (1996) Review and perspective of study on Myriapodology of China. In ‘Acta Myriapodologica’. (Eds J-J Geoffroy, J-P Mauriès, M Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin) pp. 169, 81–99. (Mémoire du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: Paris, France)
Xiong, B, and Kocher, TD (1991). Comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences of seven morphospecies of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae. Genome 34, 306–311.
| Comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences of seven morphospecies of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ying WY (1998) ‘Pictorical keys to soil animals of China.’ (Science Press) [In Chinese]
Zahnle, XJ, Ma, M, and Bond, JE (2022). Skeletomuscular atlas and deep homology of a metamorphosing genitalic appendage in a flat-backed millipede (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae: Pseudopolydesmus). Insect Systematics and Diversity 6, 1–15.
| Skeletomuscular atlas and deep homology of a metamorphosing genitalic appendage in a flat-backed millipede (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae: Pseudopolydesmus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, CZ, and Li, ZY (1981). Über Bilinguidae fam. n. (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) aus dem südchinesischen Karstgebiete. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 6, 373–377.
Zhao, Y, Guo, WR, Golovatch, SI, and Liu, WX (2022). Revision of the javanicus species group of the millipede genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847, with descriptions of five new species from China (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae). ZooKeys 1108, 89–118.
| Revision of the javanicus species group of the millipede genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847, with descriptions of five new species from China (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
