Cladistic analysis and systematic revision of the Zethus smithii (de Saussure) species-group sensu Bohart & Stange (Hymenoptera : Vespidae : Eumeninae)
Rogério Botion Lopes A E , Alice Fumi Kumagai B , Lionel A. Stange C and Marcel Gustavo Hermes D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 14040-901.
B Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 31270-901.
C Florida State Collection of Arthropods. 1911 SW 34th Street. Gainesville, Florida, USA. 32608-1268
D Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Biologia, Campus Universitário. Caixa Postal 3037. Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. CEP 37200-000.
E Corresponding author. Email: rbotlopes@gmail.com
Invertebrate Systematics 29(5) 421-443 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15005
Submitted: 11 February 2015 Accepted: 11 August 2015 Published: 30 October 2015
Abstract
Zethus Fabricius is the largest genus within the Eumeninae and is currently divided into four subgenera. Three of them, namely, Z. (Zethoides), Z. (Zethus) and Z. (Zethusculus), are further subdivided into species-groups. The Zethus smithii species-group is among a few that present an elongated stem in the second metasomal tergum, but possess no other distinctive features. Here, a cladistic analysis under implied weighted characters was conducted. The Z. smithii-group was recovered as paraphyletic in relation to Z. hilarianus-group and, thus, both were combined into a single group named after the latter. Furthermore, the species of the Z. smithii species-group (sensu Bohart & Stange) were revised. Zethus dicomboda dicomboda and Z. dicomboda prixii were synonymised. Five new species were described: Z. alessandroi, sp. nov., Z. kaapora, sp. nov., Z. mesocarinatus, sp. nov., Z. pontagrossensis, sp. nov. and Z. scrobalis, sp. nov. A key to the species is provided.
Additional keywords: mason wasps, taxonomy, phylogeny, paraphyly, hilarianus-group.
References
Bequaert, J. (1928). A study of certain types of diplopterous wasps in the collection of the British Museum. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 10 2, 138–174.| A study of certain types of diplopterous wasps in the collection of the British Museum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bequaert, J., and Ruiz, F. (1942). A revision of the Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Diploptera) of Chile. Part I. Subfamilies Gayellinae and Zethinae. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (Valparaiso, Chile) 44, 214–223.
Bertoni, A. W. (1911). Contribución a la biologia de las avispas y abejas del Paraguay (Hymenoptera). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 97–146.
Bertoni, A. W. (1918). Catálogo de véspidos sociales y solitários del Paraguay. Anales Cientificos Paraguayos 2, 203–208.
Bertoni, A. W. (1925). Himenópteros nuevos o poco conocidos. Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica del Paraguay 2, 74–79.
Bitsch, J. (2012). Morphologie comparée des derniers segments du gastre et des genitalia mâles des Vespidae. 1. Sous-famille des Eumeninae (Hymenoptera). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 117, 199–218.
Bohart, R. M., and Stange, L. A. (1962). Lectotypes of neartic and neotropical Zethini in European and American museums (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 57, 28–32.
Bohart, R. M., and Stange, L. A. (1965). ‘A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae).’ (University of California Publications in Entomology: Berkeley, CA.)
Brèthes, J. (1903). Los euménidos de las Repúblicas de Plata. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 231–320.
Brèthes, J. (1905). Nuevos euménidos argentinos. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 21–39.
Brèthes, J. (1906). Véspidos y eumenídidos sudamericanos. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 311–377.
Brèthes, J. (1909). Himenópteros de Mendoza y de San Luis. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 455–463.
Brèthes, J. (1910). Sur quelques Hymenóptères du Chili. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (Valparaiso, Chile) 14, 141–146.
Cameron, P. (1907). On some new central American Vespidae. The Entomologist 40, 62–64.
Carpenter, J. M. (2011). A new species of Zethus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 43, 1123–1126.
Carpenter, J. M., and Cumming, J. M. (1985). A character analysis of the North American potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History 19, 877–916.
| A character analysis of the North American potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Eumeninae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter, J. M., and Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2002). A key to the Neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14, 52–73.
Claude-Joseph, H. (1930). Recherches biologiques sur lês prédateurs du Chili. Annales Sciences Naturelles Zoologie 13, 235–354.
Cooper, M. (1989). Notes on the biology of Zethus porteri Stange (Vespidae: Eumeninae). Sphecos 19, 11.
Cooper, M. (1999). A new species of Zethus F. (Hym., Vespidae, Eumeninae) with unusual male genitalia. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 135, 39–42.
Cooper, M. (2010). A new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hym., Vespidae, Eumeninae) in the strigosus group and restored status of Zethus mimus Zavattari. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 146, 83–85.
Cooper, M. (2014). Two new species of Zethus Fabricius in the coeruleopennis group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 150, 39–42.
Dalla Torre, K. W. (1894). ‘Catalogus Hymenopterorum Hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus. Volumen IX: Vespidae (Diploptera).’ (Sumptibus Guilelmi Engelmann: Lipsiae, Germany.)
Dalla Torre K. W. (1904 ).
de Saussure, H. (1852). ‘Monographie des Guêpes Solitaires, ou de la Tribu Eumeniens.’ (Victor Masson: Paris; J. Kressman, Joël Cherbuliez: Genève.)
de Saussure, H. (1855). ‘Etudes Sur la Famille des Vespides 3. La Monographie des Masariens et un Supplement a la Monographie des Eumeniens.’ (V. Masson: Paris; J. Cherbuliez: Geneva.)
de Saussure, H. (1875). ‘Synopsis of American Wasps: Solitary Wasps. Vol. 254.’ (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: Washington, DC.)
Ducke, A. (1910). Contribution a la connaissance de la faune hymenopterologique du Nord-Est du Brésil. Revue D’Entomologie 29, 78–122.
Farris, J. S. (1969). A successive approximations approach to character weighting. Systematic Zoology 18, 374–385.
| A successive approximations approach to character weighting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fox, W. J. (1899). Contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Brazil. No. 7 – Eumenidae (Genera Zethus, Labus, Zethoides, Eumenes, Montezumia and Nortonia). Proceedings. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 51, 407–464.
Garcete-Barrett, B. R. (2002). A new species of Zethus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from eastern Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14, 49–51.
Garcete-Barrett, B. R., and Klassen Dück, C. H. (2010). Biological observations on the genus Ceramiopsis Zavattari (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 16, 8–17.
Giordani Soika, A. (1979). Revisione delle specie etiopiche e malgasce della sottofamiglia Discoeliinae (Hym.). Bolletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 30, 19–65.
Goloboff, P. A. (1993). Estimating character weights during treesearch. Cladistics 9, 83–91.
| Estimating character weights during treesearch.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S., Källersjö, M., Oxelmann, B., Ramírez, M. J., and Szumik, C. (2003). Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19, 324–332.
| Improvements to resampling measures of group support.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goloboff, P. A., Carpenter, J. M., Salvador Arias, J., and Esquivel, D. R. M. (2008a). Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets. Cladistics 24, 758–773.
| Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S., and Nixon, K. C. (2008b). TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24, 774–786.
| TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grandinete, Y. C., and Noll, F. B. (2013). Checklist of social (Polistinae) and solitary (Eumeninae) wasps from a ragment of Cerrado ‘Campo Sujo’ in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Sociobiology 60, 101–106.
| Checklist of social (Polistinae) and solitary (Eumeninae) wasps from a ragment of Cerrado ‘Campo Sujo’ in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gusenleitner, J. (2011). Bemerkenswertes über Faltenwespen XII (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Linzer biologische Beiträge 43, 1127–1134.
Herbst, P. (1921). Über chilenische Hymenopteren, welche Brèthes erwähnte. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 82, 108–112.
Hermes, M. G. (2012). Two new species of eumenine wasps in the genus Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from the New World. Zootaxa 3401, 43–48.
Hermes, M. G., Melo, G. A. R., and Carpenter, J. M. (2014). The higher level phylogenetic relationships of the Eumeninae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae), with emphasis on Eumenes sensu lato. Cladistics 30, 453–484.
| The higher level phylogenetic relationships of the Eumeninae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae), with emphasis on Eumenes sensu lato.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jöergensen, P. (1912). Crisídidos y himenópteros aculeatos de la provincia de Mendoza. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 22, 267–338.
Krombein, K. V. (1979). ‘Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata).’ (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.)
Lopes, R. B., and Hermes, M. G. (2015). A new species of Zethus (Zethusculus) de Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 59, 138–140.
| A new species of Zethus (Zethusculus) de Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lopes, R. B., and Noll, F. B. (2014). Notes on the Neotropical Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with the description of two new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3784, 179–186.
| Notes on the Neotropical Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with the description of two new species from Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24872046PubMed |
Nixon, K. C. (1999–2002). ‘Winclada, Version 1.0.’ (Published by the author: Ithaca, NY.)
Pickett, K. M., and Carpenter, J. M. (2010). Simultaneous analysis and the origin in eusociality in Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68, 3–33.
Porter, C. E. (1899). Datos para el conocimiento de los insectos del departamento de Quillota. Revista Chilena de Historia Natura 3, 35–36.
Porter, C. E. (1904). Lista de los Véspidos de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 8, 193–197.
Porter, C. C. (1975). New records for Zethus from Texas (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). The Florida Entomologist 58, 303–306.
| New records for Zethus from Texas (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Porter, C. C. (1978). Ecology and taxonomy of lower Rio Grande Vallet Zethus. The Florida Entomologist 61, 159–167.
| Ecology and taxonomy of lower Rio Grande Vallet Zethus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Porter, C. C. (2008). A remarkable new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Costa Rica. Insecta Mundi 27, 1–4.
Rasmussen, C., and Arsenjo, A. (2009). A checklist of the wasps of Peru (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). ZooKeys 15, 1–78.
| A checklist of the wasps of Peru (Hymenoptera, Aculeata).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reed, E. C. (1893). Entomolojia Chilena. Sinopsis de las avispas Chilenas de la familia ‘Odyneridae’. Anales de la Universidad de Chile 84, 873–897.
Reed, E. C. (1893 (1894)). On the Chilean Hymenoptera of the family Odyneridae. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 4, 685–690.
Ruiz, P. F. (1936). Himenopteros de la província de Coquimbo. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (Valparaiso, Chile) 40, 159–169.
Ruiz Cancino, E., Tejada, L. O., and Varela, S. E. (1993). Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) en Tamaulipas y Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 88, 79–88.
Schrottky, C. (1909). Himenopteros de Catamarca. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 68, 233–272.
Smith, F. (1857). ‘Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects Deposited in the Collection of the British Museum. Part V. Vespidae.’ (Taylor and Francis: Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, UK.)
Spinola, M. (1851). Himenopteros. In ‘Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile’. (Ed. C. Gay.) pp. 153–569. Zoologia: Paris.
Stange, L. A. (1975). Los Zethus de Bolívia (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Acta Zoológica Lilloana 31, 77–98.
Stange, L. A. (1979). Tipos de distribuición de la subfamília Discoeliinae con las discripciones de dos generos nuevos de Argentina. Acta Zoológica Lilloana 35, 729–741.
Stange, L. A. (1997). The Zethus of Venezuela (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Insecta Mundi 11, 311–324.
Stange, L. A. (2003). Review of Zethus Fabricius from the West Indies (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta Mundi 17, 209–217.
Stange, L. A., Teran, A. L., and Willink, A. (1976). Entomofauna de la provincia biogeografica del Monte. Acta Zoológica Lilloana 32, 73–120.
Valentine, J. M. (1942). On the preparation and preservation of insects, with particular reference to Coleoptera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 103, 1–16.
Vernier, R. (1997). Essai d’analyse cladistique des genres d’Eumeninae (Vespidae, Hymenoptera) representes en Europe septentrionale, occidentale et centrale. Bulletin de la Societé Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 120, 87–98.
West-Eberhard, M. J., Carpenter, J. M., and Hanson, P. E. (1995). The vespid wasps (Vespidae). In ‘The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica’. (Eds P. E. Hanson and I. D. Gauld.) pp. 561–587. (Oxford Science Publications/The Natural History Museum, UK.)
West-Eberhard, M. J., Carpenter, J. M., and Hanson, P. E. (2006). Capítulo 15: Familia Vespidae. In: Hanson, P. E and Gauld, I. D. Hymenoptera de la Región Neotropical. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 77, 617–644.
Willink, A. (1982). Revisión de los generos Montezumia Saussure y Monobia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba 55, 3–321.
Willink, A. (1991). Contribución a la zoogeografia de insectos argentinos. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba 59, 126–147.
Willink, A., and Chiappa, E. (1993). Lista de las especies chilenas de la familia Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Acta Entomologica Chilena 18, 119–125.
Yasumatsu, K. (1934). On the genus Discoelius of eastern Asia, with a list of species of the genus the world (Hymenoptera, Eumenidae). Mushi 7, 3–19.
Zavattari, E. (1911). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Hymenopterenfauna von Paraguay. VIII. Eumeneidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher 31, 39–58.
Zavattari, E. (1912). Materialien für eine monographie der Neotropischen Eumeniden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A 78, 1–272.
Zavattari, E. (1913). Weitere materialien zur Kenntnis der Gattung Zethus. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Abteilung A 79, 87–118.
