Phylogeny of the Serpula–Crucigera–Hydroides clade (Serpulidae : Annelida) using molecular and morphological data: implications for operculum evolution
E. K. Kupriyanova A E , R. Bastida-Zavala B , M. N. Halt A , M. S. Y. Lee A C and G. W. Rouse DA School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling DP418, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
B Laboratorio de Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos, Universidad del Mar, campus Puerto Ángel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, 70902, Apdo. Postal 47, México.
C South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
D Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: lena.kupriyanova@gmail.com
Invertebrate Systematics 22(4) 425-437 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS08011
Submitted: 21 March 2008 Accepted: 2 July 2008 Published: 14 October 2008
Abstract
The type genus of Serpulidae, Serpula Linnaeus, 1758, along with closely related genera Crucigera Benedict, 1887 and Hydroides Gunnerus, 1768, accounts for approximately one-third of all described species in the family. Although previous morphological and molecular studies unequivocally indicate that these three genera constitute a monophyletic group, the status of each genus remains unknown. In this study, the relationships among and within the genera Serpula, Crucigera, and Hydroides were investigated using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nuclear (18S and 28S rDNA) and mitochondrial (cytochrome b) genomic molecular markers plus morphology. The phylogeny supports the monophyly of Hydroides, but Serpula forms a paraphyletic basal grade and Crucigera is polyphyletic. The lack of close relationship between Hydroides and Crucigera indicates that their similar opercular features are not homologous.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Australian Research Council Discovery grant DP558736 to GWR. We are grateful to Vasily Radashevsky (Institute of Marine Biology, Vladisvostok, Russia) for sending Russian material of Serpula uschakovi and Hydroides ezoensis. Katrine Worsaae (Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Denmark) and Charles Messing (Nova Southeastern University, USA) helped with collecting serpulids at Lizard Island, Queensland. We thank Christoph Bleidorn (University of Potsdam, Germany) for sending DNA material of Serpula concharum and Hydroides pseudouncinatus from the Lehrke et al. (2007) study and Janina Lehrke (Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) for sending a preprint of the mentioned paper. Tara Macdonald (Bamfield Marine Station, Canada) provided her unpublished 18S primers. Harry A. ten Hove (ZMA, Amsterdam, Netherlands) is thanked for help with the morphological matrix. Thanks are due to three anonymous referees for their comments on the manuscript.
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