Phylogeny of Utetheisa s. str. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae : Arctinae) with comments on the evolution of colour, hind wing scales and origin of New World species
M. A. DaCostaUniversity of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Present address: Wake Forest University, Department of Biology, PO Box 7325, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA. Email: dacostma@wfu.edu
Invertebrate Systematics 24(2) 113-130 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS08006
Submitted: 8 February 2008 Accepted: 12 March 2010 Published: 29 June 2010
Abstract
Species of Utetheisa Hübner incorporate pyrrolizidine alkaloids into their defence strategy where they are protective against both invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and courtship behaviours by males incorporate the alkaloids into their pheromones. Although Utetheisa’s chemical ecology is well understood, the systematics is less clear. A phylogeny of Utetheisa was constructed based on adult morphology. The final data matrix consisted of 29 species and 105 characters (268 states) from adults scored from both nongenitalic and genitalic characters as follows: 3 head (8 states), 4 leg (8 states), 21 wing (49 states), 44 male abdominal and genitalic characters (124 states), and 33 female abdominal and genitalic characters (79 states). The resulting parsimony and Bayesian analyses demonstrated that Utetheisa s. str. is monophyletic and sister to U. Pitasila (Moore). UtetheisaAtasca (Swinhoe) is more closely related to outgroup taxa than it is to other Utetheisa species. Monophyly of Utetheisa s. str. is strongly supported by a posterior probability of 0.98. Colour was lost once and male wing androconia evolved independently in several species, all of which feed on hosts in Boraginaceae. Forbes’ hypothesis of an Old World origin for the genus is corroborated and two origins for New World species are supported.
Acknowledgements
I thank the following people for their suggestions on the project: G. Heimpel, R. Holzenthal, G.Weiblen, S. Weller and A. Roe. F. Keith Barker and J. Egge provided assistance with analyses in MrBayes. M. Conner, R. Simmons, J. Zaspel and two anonymous reviewers improved earlier drafts of the manuscript with comments. The following curators generously provided specimens and gave permission to perform whole body dissections. Acronyms of the institution providing specimens follow Heppner and Lamas (1982) and are followed by the name of the individual(s) who prepared the loan: American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH) (R. Schuh, S. Rab-Green), Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM) (A. Samuelson), California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS) (B. Fisher), Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh (CM) (J. Rawlins, R. Davidson), Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca (CU) (J. Liebherr, E.R. Hoebeke), Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (FMNH) (J. Boone), The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection, Michigan State University (ARC) (G. Parsons), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. (NMNH) (M. Pogue, R. Simmons, D. Harvey), Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) (M. Honey, D. Goodger), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) (J. Donahue), Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (MAK) (D. Stüning, G. Brehm), and University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Insect Museum (UMSP) (R. Holzenthal, P. Clausen). This study was supported in part by NSF/DEB-9981416 (SJW), Minnesota Experiment Station MN17-022 (SJW), MD received funding from the Ernst Mayer travel grant for animal systematics (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard) and Dayton-Wilkie Fund (Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota).
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