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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 20(2)

Australian treehoppers (Hemiptera : Membracidae : Centrotinae : Terentiini): phylogeny and biogeography

Matthew S. Wallace A C and Lewis L. Deitz B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Biological Sciences, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, 200 Prospect Street, East Stroudsburg, PA 18301-2999 USA.

B Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA.

C Corresponding author. Email: mwallace@po-box.esu.edu

Invertebrate Systematics 20(2) 163-183 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS05040
Submitted: 19 August 2005  Accepted: 16 February 2006   Published: 26 April 2006

Abstract

This work presents the first hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among all 40 genera of the treehopper tribe Terentiini (Hemiptera : Membracidae : Centrotinae). This phylogeny, based on a parsimony analysis of 77 morphological characters, made possible an analytical approach to determining the likely ancestral host-plant family and geographic distribution of the tribe, based on present-day hosts and distributions. Of Australia’s 37 treehopper genera, 36 belong to the tribe Terentiini, with their centre of diversity in Queensland (30 genera). Optimisations of present-day distributions mapped on our phylogeny suggest that the ancestor of the tribe occurred in the Australian region, around north-eastern Australia (Queensland) and New Guinea (which has 8–10 terentiine genera). Subsequent dispersals from the Australian region (with 37 genera) took the tribe to the Indomalayan (11 genera) and Palaearctic (1 genus) regions. At least 13 terentiine genera include representatives that occur beyond the borders of Australia and New Guinea. Notable among the migrant lineages is the clade ‘Polonius + (Bulbauchenia + (Funkhouserella + Pyrgonota))’, which includes genera with such extraordinary pronotal modifications that some members were previously placed in separate tribes (Bulbaucheniini or Funkhouserellini). Members of this remarkable breakaway clade are known from Australia (Polonius only), Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, the Philippines, southern China (Taiwan and Hainan Island) and Japan. With regard to terentiine host plants, optimisations of present-day host associations point to the Leguminosae as the ancestral host family, even though plant families of Gondwanan origin, especially Myrtaceae and Proteaceae, are also prominent terentiine hosts. The overall evidence to date indicates that Terentiini are not a remnant of the early Gondwanan fauna, but rather a more recent tribe derived from Indomalayan ancestors.

Additional keywords: Australia, Australian region, Bulbaucheniini, host plants, Indomalayan region, New Guinea, Palaearctic region.


Acknowledgments

For lending specimens, we thank R. L. Blinn, North Carolina State University Insect Collection, Raleigh; M. Boulard and T. Bourgoin, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; M. F. Day, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; K. G. A. Hamilton, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ontario; C. A. Johnson, American Museum of Natural History, New York; S. H. McKamey, S. H. McKamey Collection and National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C.; G. B. Monteith, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane; M. S. Moulds, Australian Museum, Sydney; N. D. Penny and K. J. Ribardo, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; and M. D. Webb, The Natural History Museum, London. We also thank C. R. Bartlett, R. L. Blinn, J. R. Cryan, H. H. Neunzig, B. M. Wiegmann, J. Xiang and one anonymous reviewer for many helpful suggestions on the manuscript. C.-P. Lin and J. Xiang translated Yuan and Chou’s (2002) tables on the distribution of Chinese genera. M. E. D. Dietiker, K. V. Donahue, K. M. Gates, D. R. Nimocks IV, K. H. Spieler and D. W. Walton assisted in compiling geographic data. J.-W. Kim assisted with the optimisation of geographic distributions and hosts plants. A. Krings and R. G. Milewski assisted with botanical nomenclature. The copyrights to the images used herein belong to M. S. Wallace and L. L. Deitz.


This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 981567 and 9978026, by East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania and by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, or the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service.


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