Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Atopobathynella Schminke (Bathynellacea : Parabathynellidae)
Joo-Lae Cho A D , W. F. Humphreys B and Sang-Don Lee CA International Drinking Water Center, San 6-2, Yeonchuk-Dong, Daedeok-Gu, Taejeon 306-711, Korea.
B Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia.
C Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
D Corresponding author. Email: parabath@hanmail.net
Invertebrate Systematics 20(1) 9-41 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS05019
Submitted: 11 May 2005 Accepted: 23 December 2005 Published: 17 March 2006
Abstract
The present study attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among species of Atopobathynella Schminke, 1973 in order to elucidate their distributional patterns and to seek a mechanism for the worldwide colonisation of the limnic interstitial by the Parabathynellidae. We describe six new Atopobathynella recently discovered in Western Australia: A. gascoyneensis, sp. nov., A. hinzeae, sp. nov., A. schminkei, sp. nov., A. wattsi, sp. nov., A. readi, sp. nov. and A. glenayleensis, sp. nov. The phylogenetic relationships among these species and four previously known species in the genus are assessed using 28 morphological characters. The analysis yielded two most parsimonious trees 71 steps long with consistency index 0.5070, retention index 0.5270, and rescaled consistency index 0.2672. One of these trees supports the grouping of A. readi, sp. nov. + (((A. wattsi, sp. nov. + A. glenaylensis, sp. nov.) + (A. hospitalis Schminke, 1973 (A. gascoyneensis, sp. nov. (A. schminkei, sp. nov. + A. hinzeae, sp. nov.)))) + (A. valdiviana (Noodt, 1964) (A. compagana Schminke, 1973 + A. chelifera Schminke, 1973))). We discuss the monophyly of Atopobathynella and its phylogenetic position within the family Parabathynellidae. The results of the phylogenetic analysis and the biogeographical data suggest that the ancestors of Atopobathynella colonized groundwater via limnic surface water.
Acknowledgments
Fieldwork was facilitated and enlivened by the participation of Steve Cooper, Stefan Eberhard, Susan Hinze, Bob Read and Chris Watts. Material for this study was collected under funding from the Australian Biological Resources Study (Humphreys and Watts), the Butler Trust, Western Australian Museum, and the Waterhouse Club, South Australian Museum. Collection in the Northern Territory was facilitated by Northern Territory Power and Water especially through R. Read. One of us (Cho) is very grateful to the Sustainable Water Resources Research Center of the 21st Century Frontier for providing funding (Project 3–4–2), and to the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources for funding the project ‘Prediction of contaminant transport and ecological application of microbial species in subsurface environments for remediation of groundwater systems’ (Project Code 03-8103).
Belton D. X.,
Brown R. W.,
Kohn B. P.,
Fink D., Farley K. A.
(2004) Quantitative resolution of the debate over antiquity of the central Australian landscape: implications for the tectonic and geomorphic stability of cratonic interiors. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 219, 21–34.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradbury J. H., Williams W. D.
(1997) Amphipod (Crustacea) diversity in underground waters in Australia: an Aladdin’s Cave. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56, 513–519.
Bruce N. L., Humphreys W. F.
(1993) Haptolana pholeta, sp. nov., the first subterranean flabelliferan isopod crustacean (Cirolanidae) from Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 7, 875–884.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Camacho A. I.
(2003) Historical biogeography of Hexabathynella, a cosmopolitan genus of groundwater Syncarida (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78, 457–466.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cooper S. J. B.,
Hinze S.,
Leys R.,
Watts C. H. S., Humphreys W. F.
(2002) Islands under the desert: molecular systematics and evolutionary origins of stygobitic water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from central Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 16, 589–598.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking R. M.,
Moors H. T., van de Graaff W. J. E.
(1987) Geology of the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Western Australia Geological Survey Bulletin 133, 1–289.
Humphreys W. F.
(1993) Stygofauna in semi-arid tropical western Australia: A tethyan connection? Memoires de Biospeologie 20, 111–116.
Karanovic T.
(2004) Subterranean copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) from arid Western Australia. Crustaceana Monograph 3, 1–366.
Leys R.,
Watts C. H. S.,
Cooper S. J. B., Humphreys W. F.
(2003) Evolution of subterranean diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporini, Bidessini) in the arid zone of Australia. Evolution 57, 2819–2834.
| PubMed |
Noodt W.
(1964) Natürliches System und Biogeographie der Syncarida (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Gewässer und Abwässer 37/38, 151–167.
Poore G. C. B., Humphreys W. F.
(1992) First record of Thermosbaenacea (Crustacea) from the Southern Hemisphere: a new species from a cave in tropical Western Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 6, 719–725.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schminke H. K.
(1972) Hexabathynella halophila gen. n., sp. n. und die Frage nach der marinen Abkunft der Bathynellacea (Crustacea: Malacostraca). Marine Biology 15, 282–287.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schminke H. K.
(1973) Evolution, System und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Familie Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Malacostraca). Mikrofauna Meeresboden 24, 1–192.
Schminke H. K.
(1981) Perspectives in the study of zoogeography of interstitial Crustacea. Bathynellacea (Syncarida) and Parastenocarididae (Copepoda). International Journal of Speleology 11, 83–89.
Stock J. H.
(1993) Some remarkable distribution patterns in stygobiont amphipoda. Journal of Natural History 23, 807–819.
Wilson G. D. F.
(2003) A new genus of Tainisopidae fam. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Pilbara, Western Australia. Zootaxa 245, 1–20.
Wilson G. D. F., Keable S. J.
(1999) A new genus of phreatoicidean isopod (Crustacea) from the north Kimberley Region, Western Australia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 126, 51–79.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yager J., Humphreys W. F.
(1996) Lasionectes exleyi, sp. nov., the first remipede crustacean recorded from Australia and the Indian Ocean, with a key to the world species. Invertebrate Taxonomy 10, 171–187.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Appendix 1. Character coding and scoring
Antennule
(1) Number of dorsal simple setae on first antennular segment: (0) 2, (1) 1.
(2) Ventromedial seta of second antennular segment: (0) present, (1) absent.
(3) Ventral seta of third antennular segment: (0) present, (1) absent.
(4) Number of aesthestascs on sixth antennular segment: (0) 3, (1) 2.
(5) Number of setae on inner margin of second antennular segment of male: (0) 1, (1) 2.
(6) Seta(e) on inner margin of second antennular segment of male: (1) similar to those of female, (2) different from or significantly greater than that of female.
Labrum
(7) Number of teeth on free margin of labrum: (0) more than 16 teeth, (1) less than 16 teeth.
The two states of character seven result from a simple gap-coding. In three species (A. compagana, A. chelifera and A. schminkei) the labrum is equipped with 16 teeth, whereas in the remaining species the number of teeth varies between 20–26. The gap between 16 and 20 exceeds the standard deviation (3.98) about the mean value for the number of teeth of each species.
Mandible
(8) Distal spine of spine row: (0) simply dentate, (1) modified to wide, hand-shaped structure.
Maxilla
(9) Number of setae of third endite of maxilla: (0) 10 and more, (1) 9, (2) 8, (3) 6.
Epipods of thoracopods I–VII
(10) Epipod present on thoracopods: (0) I–VII, (1) II–VII, (2) III–VII, (3) II–VI.
Exopods of thoracopods I–VII
(11) Length of exopod of thoracopods II–VII (a), and that of first and second segments of endopod (b): (0) a > b (1) a < b.
(12) Number of subterminal setae of exopod of thoracopod I: (0) 2, (1) 1, (2) 0.
(13) Subterminal seta of exopod of thoracopod VII: (0) present, (1) absent.
(14) Outer one of two terminal setae: (0) longer than half length of inner one, (1) shorter than half length of inner one.
Endopods of thoracopods I–VII
(15) Number of setae on inner margin of second endopodal segment of thoracopod I: (0) 2, (1) 1.
(16) Number of setae on inner margin of third endopodal segment of thoracopod I: (0) 2, (1) 1, (2) 0.
(17) Number of setae on fourth endopodal segment of thoracopod I: (0) 3, (1) 2.
(18) Number of setae on fourth endopodal segment of thoracopod II–III: (0) 2, (1) 1.
Male thoracopods VIII
(19) Protopod: (0) with frontal protrusion, (1) without frontal protrusion.
Female thoracopods VIII
(20) Thoracopods of female VIII: (0) separated, (1) fused to single structure.
Uropod
(21) Number of spines on uropodal sympod: (0) more than 16, (1) with 11–13, (2) with 4–9.
Among the species, the number of spines varies between 5 and 17 according to species. The gap between each character state does not exceed the standard deviation (3.97) about the mean value for the number of teeth of each species.
(22) Additional spine beneath endopodal stiletto of uropodal endopod: (0) present, (1) absent.
(23) Outer one of two terminal setae on uropodal exopod: (0) shorter than inner one, (1) longer than inner one.
(24) Lateral subterminal setae on uropodal exopod: (0) present, (1) absent.
(25) Ventromedial seta of uropodal exopod: (0) present, (1) absent.
(26) Setae on endopod: (0) longer than endopodal spur, (1) shorter than endopodal spur.
Furcal rami
(27) Number of spines on furcal rami: (0) 8 and more, (1) 5, (2) 3.
Anal operculum
(28) Anal operculum: (0) flat to concave, (1) convex.
