Reviewer Guidelines
Reviewers are expected to follow the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers, and must give unbiased consideration to each manuscript. They should judge each on its merits, without regard to race, religion, nationality, sex, seniority, or institutional affiliation of the author(s). It is expected that reviewer feedback to authors is constructive, courteous and clear. If you are in any doubt about the expectations for reviewers, advice should be sought from the Editors. You are also encouraged to consult the COPE flowchart What to Consider When Asked to Peer Review a Manuscript [external link].
- Conflict of Interest
- Privacy of unpublished results
- Timeframe
- The review
- Recommendations
- Grammatical editing
- What happens next?
Conflict of Interest
When asked to review a manuscript, you should disclose to the Editors any conflicts of interest that could bias your opinion of the manuscript. If you believe that you cannot judge a manuscript impartially because of contact with the authors or a possible conflict of interest, please decline the invitation to review and provide an explanation to the Editors. Importantly, the perception of a conflict of interest is as significant as an actual conflict of interest.
Financial or business relationships are the most easily identifiable conflicts of interest and the most likely to undermine the credibility of the journal and authors. Conflicts can also occur for other reasons, such as personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, or intellectual or ideological beliefs.
Possible conflicts of interest may occur when reviewers:
1. have a history of serious (unresolved) disagreement with the authors
2. have been recent (i.e. in the past 3 years) collaborators or jointly published papers
3. are currently employed at the same institution or have a mentor/mentee relationship
4. were part of an internal review panel for the paper before submission.
If you are unsure whether the potential for bias exists, please ask the Editor.
Privacy of unpublished results
An unpublished manuscript is a privileged document. Please protect it from any form of exploitation. Do not cite a manuscript or refer to the work it describes before it has been published and do not use the information that it contains for the advancement of your own research or in discussion with colleagues.
Do not discuss the manuscript with its authors unless permission has been granted by the Editors. Although it may seem natural and reasonable to discuss points of difficulty or disagreement directly with the author, especially if you are generally in favour of publication and do not mind revealing your identity, this practice is prohibited because the other reviewer(s) and the Editors may have different opinions, and the author may be misled by having 'cleared things up' with the reviewer who contacted him/her directly.
Timeframe
Reviews should be completed within 14–21 days. If you know that you cannot finish the review within that time, please contact your handling Editor immediately. If you cannot review, it is helpful to make suggestions for alternative reviewers if relevant, based on their expertise.
The review
The review should give your overall impression of the manuscript, and list the major shortcomings.
If you are reviewing a 'Historical Article' please consider the following aspects in particular:
- The novelty of the work, and whether there is sufficient originality and substance to be worthy of publication
- The articulation of arguments or generalisations
- The appropriateness of the the primary and secondary sources to investigate the subject of the work
- The interpretation of primary and secondary sources
- Awareness (cogent discussion) of related research
If you are reviewing a 'Historical Document' please take into consideration that this manuscript is an introduction to hitherto unpublished or obscurely published primary source(s), and does not need to be a fully developed analysis of the source(s).
If you are reviewing a 'Memoir' please ensure the following information is included:
- The full name, exact date of birth, and place of birth of the subject
- The full name occupation(s) and place(s) of residence of the father and mother (including maiden name)
- The subject’s place in the family and the number of brothers and sisters
- The full name of spouse, year of marriage (if appropriate) and the spouses parent’s names and professions
- The names of sons and daughters, and notes on any of their achievements (if appropriate)
- The subject’s place of education from secondary school onward
- The year of the subject’s more important civil or academic distinctions and service promotions
- A photograph of the subject
- A complete list of the subject's publications (to be included as Supplementary Material)
It is expected that reviewer feedback to authors is constructive, courteous and clear. In line with COPE Guidelines: Editing Peer Reviews, editors have discretion to edit the contents of review reports in limited circumstances to address issues of tone, language, and deviations from journal policy and reviewer guidelines. In doing so the editor should not change the meaning or intention of the review, nor amend or edit the professional opinion put forth by the reviewer about the quality, content, or intellectual validity of the work. The editor will inform the reviewer of any significant edits made to their review and will also advise the author that the review contents have been edited for a specific reason. A review will not be suppressed entirely unless there are ethical or legal concerns about the contents of the review.
Your recommendation will assist the Editor in deciding whether to publish the article. If recommending revision, be specific in stating the changes you feel need to be made, allowing the author to reply to each point. Please ensure your feedback is constructive and polite.
Accept
If you're recommending acceptance, give details outlining why. There may still be a few basic typos to correct or simple suggestions to consider, but no substantial revision.
You will not be asked to review the manuscript again.
Minor revisions
These are more substantial than basic typos, but still relatively straightforward, and may include:
- Corrections to references (and is all the relevant work cited?);
- Corrections to factual, numerical or unit errors;
- Corrections to ambiguous text;
- Corrections to tables and figures – are these appropriate, sufficient, and correctly labelled?
Typically, you will not be asked to review the manuscript again after minor revision.
Major revisions
These are at a more demanding level. While you believe the research may warrant publication, you are requesting new analysis, discussion and/or significant revision. If major revisions are required, please indicate clearly what they are.
You may be asked to review the manuscript again after revision.
Reject and resubmit
Some journals offer this option where substantial revision is necessary.
Be clear in your comments to the author (or editor) which points are absolutely critical if the paper is given an opportunity for revision.
Reject
Give constructive but polite feedback where manuscripts have serious flaws. This encourages developing researchers to improve their work. Reasons for rejection may include:
- Major flaws – state what they are and the severity of their impact on the paper;
- Similarity to work already published without the authors acknowledging this;
- Major presentational problems - figures, tables, language and manuscript structure are not clear enough for you to accurately assess the work;
- Ethical issues (if you are unsure it may be better to disclose these in the confidential comments section).
You will not be asked to review the manuscript again.
Grammatical editing
You are not requested to correct deficiencies of style or mistakes in grammar, but any help you can give in clarifying meaning will be appreciated (track changes can expedite the editing process; a MS Word file, in addition to the PDF, is available in ScholarOne by accessing the Manuscript Files tab). You are requested to be on the lookout for errors that might be missed by a nonspecialist such as misspellings of chemical names, use of outmoded terminology, misspelled or misidentified scientific names of organisms, inappropriate technical jargon, and incorrect nomenclature.
What happens next?
When you open ScholarOne Manuscripts to submit your report, you will be offered some questions with a check box. The answers to these are for the use of the Editor, and are not conveyed directly to the authors. The most important are the first and last: the quality of the manuscript and your recommendation.
Keep a copy of the review in your files. If you have recommended ´major revision´, the revised manuscript may be returned to you for further comment.
Once a decision is made on the paper, you will be sent feedback on the decision and comments of other reviewer(s).
