Perceptions of the solarium ban in Australia: ‘Fake it, don’t bake it’
Ivanka Prichard A B G , Suzanne Dobbinson C , Carlene Wilson B D , Amanda D. Hutchinson E , Joanne Rayner D and Jen Makin FA School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
B Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
C Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia.
D Cancer Council SA, 202 Greenhill Road, Eastwood, SA 5063, Australia.
E School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magill Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
F University of Tasmania, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia.
G Corresponding author. Email: ivanka.prichard@flinders.edu.au
Health Promotion Journal of Australia 26(2) 154-158 https://doi.org/10.1071/HE15002
Submitted: 12 January 2015 Accepted: 6 June 2015 Published: 14 July 2015
Abstract
Issue addressed: The causal link between ultraviolet radiation from solarium use and skin cancer is well established. In 2012 and 2013, state governments across Australia announced plans to ban commercial solarium use from 31 December 2014. The present study examined the responses of solarium and non-solarium users to the ban on commercial solariums in Australia.
Methods: Participants (n = 488; 388 females, 100 males; mean age = 26.02, s.d. = 9.95) completed an online questionnaire during the summer prior to the ban relating to solarium usage and their opinions about the ban.
Results: Overall, 49% (n = 237) of participants were aware of the impending ban; 17% (n = 83) had used a solarium at some point in their life. The response to the solarium ban was positive; however, some current solarium users intended post-ban to use privately owned sunbeds and or spend a greater amount of time sun-tanning.
Conclusions: These findings indicate a high level of public support for the solarium ban, which has removed a risky source of ultraviolet radiation in Australia.
So what?: Further steps are now needed to monitor the tanning behaviours of previous solarium users post-ban and their access to private sunbed use and other potentially dangerous methods of tanning (e.g. tanning injections).
References
[1] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Cancer Australia. Non-melanoma skin cancer: general practice consultations, hospitalisation and mortality. September 2008 Cat no. CAN 39.[2] ABS. 4364.0.55.001 – Australian Health Survey: first results, 2011–12. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2012.
[3] Hussein MR (2005) Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: molecular mechanisms. J Cutan Pathol 32, 191–205.
| Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: molecular mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15701081PubMed |
[4] Young C (2009) Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Occup Med (Lond) 59, 82–8.
| Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19233827PubMed |
[5] Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL (2010) Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol 49, 978–86.
| Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20883261PubMed |
[6] El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B (2009) A review of human carcinogens – part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol 10, 751–2.
| A review of human carcinogens – part D: radiation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[7] Makin JK, Dobbinson SJ, Herd NL (2007) The increase in solariums in Australia, 1992–2006. Aust NZ J Publ Heal 31, 191–2.
| The increase in solariums in Australia, 1992–2006.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[8] Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P, Gandini S (2012) Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 345, e4757
| Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[9] Lazovich D, Isaksson Vogel R, Berwick M, Weinstock MA, Anderson KE, Warshaw EM (2010) Indoor tanning and risk of melanoma: a case-control study in a highly exposed population. Cancer Epidem Biomar 19, 1557–68.
| Indoor tanning and risk of melanoma: a case-control study in a highly exposed population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[10] Gerber B, Mathys P, Moser M, Bressoud D, Braun-Fahrlander C (2002) Ultraviolet emission spectra of sunbeds. Photochem Photobiol 76, 664–8.
| Ultraviolet emission spectra of sunbeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[11] Gies P, Javorniczky J, Henderson S, McLennan A, Roy C, Lock J (2011) UVR emissions from solaria in Australia and implications for the regulation process. Photochem Photobiol 87, 184–90.
| UVR emissions from solaria in Australia and implications for the regulation process.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[12] IARC (2007) The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 120, 1116–22.
[13] Cust AE, Armstrong BK, Goumas C, Jenkins MA, Schmid H, Hopper JL, et al (2011) Sunbed use during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with increased risk of early-onset melanoma. Int J Cancer 128, 2425–35.
| Sunbed use during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with increased risk of early-onset melanoma.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[14] Gordon LG, Hirst NG, Gies PHF, Green AC (2008) What impact would effective solarium regulation have in Australia? Med J Australia 189, 375–8.
[15] Robinson JK, Kim J, Rosenbaum S, Ortiz S (2008) Indoor tanning knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among young adults from 1988–2007. Arch Dermatol 144, 484–8.
| Indoor tanning knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among young adults from 1988–2007.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[16] Stanton WR, Janda M, Baade PD, Anderson P (2004) Primary prevention of skin cancer: a review of sun protection in Australia and internationally. Health Promot J Int 19, 369–78.
| Primary prevention of skin cancer: a review of sun protection in Australia and internationally.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[17] Bränström R, Chang YM, Kasparian N, Affleck P, Tibben A, Aspinwall LG, et al (2010) Melanoma risk factors, perceived threat and intentional tanning: an international online survey. Eur J Cancer Prev 19, 216–26.
| Melanoma risk factors, perceived threat and intentional tanning: an international online survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[18] Leary MR, Jones JL (1993) The social psychology of tanning and sunscreen use: Self-presentational variables as a predictor of health risk. J Appl Soc Psychol 23, 1390–406.
| The social psychology of tanning and sunscreen use: Self-presentational variables as a predictor of health risk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[19] Sahn RE, McIlwain MJ, Magee KH, Veledar E, Chen SC (2012) A cross-sectional study examining the correlation between sunless tanning product use and tanning beliefs and behaviors. Arch Dermatol 148, 448–54.
| A cross-sectional study examining the correlation between sunless tanning product use and tanning beliefs and behaviors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[20] Cui R, Widlund HR, Feige E, Lin JY, Wilensky DL, Igras VE, et al (2007) Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation. Cell 128, 853–64.
| Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[21] Gambichler T, Bader A, Vojvodic M, Bechara FG, Sauermann K, Altmeyer P, et al (2002) Impact of UVA exposure on psychological parameters and circulating serotonin and melatonin. BMC Dermatology 2,
| Impact of UVA exposure on psychological parameters and circulating serotonin and melatonin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[22] Prichard I, Tiggemann M (2009) Unveiled: pre-wedding weight concerns and health and beauty plans of Australian brides. J Health Psychol 14, 1027–35.
| Unveiled: pre-wedding weight concerns and health and beauty plans of Australian brides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[23] Lawler SP, Kvaskoff M, DiSipio T, Whiteman D, Eakin E, Aitken J, et al (2006) Solaria use in Queensland, Australia. Aust NZ J Publ Heal 30, 479–82.
| Solaria use in Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[24] Francis K, Dobbinson SJ, Wakefield MA, Girgis A (2010) Solarium use in Australia, recent trends and context. Aust NZ J Publ Heal 34, 427–30.
| Solarium use in Australia, recent trends and context.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[25] Boynton A, Oxlad M (2011) Melanoma and its relationship with solarium use: health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of young women. J Health Psychol 16, 969–79.
| Melanoma and its relationship with solarium use: health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of young women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[26] Hillhouse J, Turrisi R, Shields AL (2007) Patterns of indoor tanning use. Arch Dermatol 143, 1530–5.
| Patterns of indoor tanning use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[27] Paul CL, Para L, Harper A, Coppa K (2011) Harm minimization in tan seekers: an exploration of tanning behaviour and the potential for substitutional use of sunless tanning products. J Health Psychol 16, 929–37.
| Harm minimization in tan seekers: an exploration of tanning behaviour and the potential for substitutional use of sunless tanning products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[28] Sinclair CA, Makin JK, Tang A, Brozek I, Rock V (2014) The role of public health advocacy in achieving an outright ban on commercial tanning beds in Australia. Am J Public Health 104, e7–e9.
| The role of public health advocacy in achieving an outright ban on commercial tanning beds in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[29] Fitzpatrick TB (1988) The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol 124, 869–71.
| The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[30] Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, California: Sage; 1990.
[31] Diepeveen S, Ling T, Suhrcke M, Roland M, Marteau TM (2013) Public acceptability of government intervention to change health-related behaviours: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Public Health 13, 756
| Public acceptability of government intervention to change health-related behaviours: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[32] Heckman CJ, Egleston BL, Wilson DB, Ingersoll KS (2008) A preliminary investigation of the predictors of tanning dependence. Am J Health Behav 32, 451–64.
| A preliminary investigation of the predictors of tanning dependence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[33] Warthan MM, Uchida T, Wagner RF (2005) UV light tanning as a type of substance-related disorder. Arch Dermatol 141, 963–6.
| UV light tanning as a type of substance-related disorder.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[34] Gordon LG, Hirst NG, Green AC, Neale RE (2012) Tanning behaviors and determinants of solarium use among indoor office workers in Queensland, Australia. J Health Psychol 17, 856–65.
| Tanning behaviors and determinants of solarium use among indoor office workers in Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[35] Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J (2009) Use of melanotan I and II in the general population. BMJ 338, b566
| Use of melanotan I and II in the general population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[36] Paurobally D, Jason F, Dezfoulian B, Nikkels AF (2011) Melanotan-associated melanoma. Brit J Dermatol 164, 1403–5.
| Melanotan-associated melanoma.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[37] Holman DM, Fox KA, Glenn JD, Guy GP, Jr, , Watson M, Baker K, et al (2013) Strategies to reduce indoor tanning: current research gaps and future opportunities for prevention. Am J Prev Med 44, 672–81.
| Strategies to reduce indoor tanning: current research gaps and future opportunities for prevention.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[38] Pierce JP, White VM, Emery SL (2012) What public health strategies are needed to reduce smoking initiation? Tob Control 21, 258–64.
| What public health strategies are needed to reduce smoking initiation?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[39] Pacheco J (2013) Attitudinal policy feedback and public opinion: the impact of smoking bans on attitudes towards smokers, secondhand smoke, and antismoking policies. Public Opin Quart 77, 714–34.
| Attitudinal policy feedback and public opinion: the impact of smoking bans on attitudes towards smokers, secondhand smoke, and antismoking policies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[40] Festinger L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Standford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1957.