The existence of C₃- and C₄-types of photosynthesis enables plant to better adapt to different environment conditions including diverse temperature regimes. The current study revealed differences between C₃-plant barley and C₄-plant maize in mechanisms limiting activity of photosystems I and II. These results increased the biophysical component that is underrepresented in the general understanding of distinctions between C₃- and C₄-types of photosynthesis.

We applied a systems biology approach to gain a deep insight into the regulatory mechanisms of barley (Hordeum vulgare) under drought and waterlogging stress conditions. The identified gene modules, enriched pathways, and regulatory networks provide valuable insights into the complex molecular responses of barley to drought and waterlogging stresses. This comprehensive analysis significantly contributes to our understanding of the genetic and regulatory mechanisms underlying stress responses in barley.