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Plant function and evolutionary biology
REVIEW (Open Access)

Challenges to optimal macadamia (Macadamia spp.) kernel quality in a changing climate

Suzy Y. Rogiers https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-3561 A * , Kevin P. Quinlan A and Jeremy D. Bright A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia.

* Correspondence to: suzy.rogiers@dpi.nsw.gov.au

Handling Editor: Rana Munns

Functional Plant Biology 52, FP24218 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP24218
Submitted: 28 August 2024  Accepted: 16 March 2025  Published: 31 March 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Macadamias (Macadamia spp.) are highly desired for their flavour and nutritional characteristics. Despite cultivation in their native habitat, unpredictable and extreme weather events are applying pressure on the Australian macadamia industry to maintain the production of high-quality kernels. The industry has experienced losses in yield and quality due to shifts in the timing and volume of rain in recent years, and this has identified the requirement for transformational changes in orchard agronomic practices. Pre-harvest conditions that impinge on kernel oil content, kernel recovery, whole kernels and kernel appearance are discussed in this review. The impact of harvest and storage conditions on kernel quality are also reviewed. We propose opportunities for further research to optimise on-farm practices and to safeguard kernel quality post-harvest. This includes building on existing research to advance our understanding of the interaction of genetics with plant response to climate change. It also requires innovation to advance technologies that foster precision management, both spatially and temporally, in an environmentally sensitive manner.

Keywords: carbohydrate partitioning, climate change, drought, flooding, fruit abortion, irrigation, kernel discoloration, macadamia production, nut development, nut quality, pests and diseases, pollination, rancidity, review, waterlogging.

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