Dry seeds and environmental extremes: consequences for seed lifespan and germination
Anne M. Visscher A C , Charlotte E. Seal A , Rosemary J. Newton B , Alba Latorre Frances A and Hugh W. Pritchard A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK.
B Department of Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK.
C Corresponding author. Email: a.visscher@kew.org
Functional Plant Biology 43(7) 656-668 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP15275
Submitted: 5 September 2015 Accepted: 24 January 2016 Published: 6 April 2016
Abstract
In the context of climate change, food security and long-term human space missions, it is important to understand which species produce seeds that can tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Here we consider dry seed survival of extreme conditions encountered in both natural and artificially controlled environments. Considerable overlap exists between the two: for example, ultra-dry and anoxic conditions can be artificially imposed during seed storage and also occur naturally in the vacuum of space environments. Aside from ultra-drying and anoxia, dry seeds of many species may experience extremely high temperatures due to heat from wildfires or when exposed to solar heat in biomes such as deserts. In addition, seeds can be irradiated by UV-A and UV-B at the surface of the Earth and by the shorter wavelengths of UV-C in outer space. We focus on the effects of these extreme environmental conditions on dry seed lifespan and germination. Although it is clear that seeds from particular plant species and families can tolerate exposures to ultra-drying, high temperatures (at least 32 families) or UV radiation with minimal consequences for subsequent germination ability, further research is needed to elucidate many of the mechanisms underlying extreme tolerance of these environmental conditions found on Earth or in space.
Additional keywords: anoxia, heat, magnetic field, space vacuum, ultra-drying, ultraviolet radiation.
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