Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce differences in cellular responses and fungal activity in a mycorrhiza-defective mutant of tomato (rmc)
Maria Manjarrez A C , Meredith Wallwork B , Sally E. Smith A , F. Andrew Smith A and Sandy Dickson AA Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
B Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: ma.manjarrezmartinez@adelaide.edu.au
Functional Plant Biology 36(1) 86-96 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP08032
Submitted: 20 February 2008 Accepted: 23 October 2008 Published: 7 January 2009
Abstract
The reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) mutant of tomato forms different phenotypes with different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Our aim was to characterise microscopically the cellular responses in plant and fungus in order to reveal how these varied when colonisation was blocked at different stages. Synchronised colonisation coupled with vital staining, autofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) were used to determine how long the AM fungi stay alive during the interactions with rmc, whether nuclear repositioning occurred in the same way as in wild-type interactions and whether there was evidence for deployment of defence responses. The results showed that (1) all the AM fungi tested were attracted to roots of rmc, on which they developed active external mycelium and appressoria, the latter sometimes in higher numbers than on the wild type; (2) plant cellular responses, such as nuclear movement, occurred only when the AM fungus was able to penetrate the epidermal cells of rmc; and (3) plant defence responses such as autofluorescence were observed only transiently and callose deposition was not involved in blocking AM fungi in rmc. The results demonstrate that multi-step AM colonisation is not only an outcome of cellular processes influenced by both plant and fungus, but is also modified by the capacity of different AM fungi to respond to the plant phenotype induced by the rmc mutation.
Additional keywords: autofluoresce, callose, fungal nuclei, succinate.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Australian Research Council for financial support. Maria Manjarrez is grateful to the Mexican Government (CONACyT and Colegio de Postgraduados) for a postgraduate research scholarship.
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