The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019
Andrew R. Klekociuk
A H , Matthew B. Tully B , Paul B. Krummel C , Stuart I. Henderson D , Dan Smale E , Richard Querel E , Sylvia Nichol F , Simon P. Alexander A , Paul J. Fraser C and Gerald Nedoluha G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia.
B Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
C Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia.
D Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Victoria, Australia.
E National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand.
F National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
G Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
H Corresponding author. Email: andrew.klekociuk@awe.gov.au
Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71(1) 66-91 https://doi.org/10.1071/ES20010
Submitted: 13 October 2020 Accepted: 8 February 2021 Published: 16 March 2021
Journal Compilation © BoM 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
While the Montreal Protocol is reducing stratospheric ozone loss, recent increases in some ozone depleting substance (ODS) emissions have been identified that may impact southern hemisphere climate systems. In this study, we discuss characteristics of the 2018 and 2019 Antarctic ozone holes using surface in situ, satellite and reanalysis data to gain a better understanding of recent ozone variability. These ozone holes had strongly contrasting characteristics. In 2018, the Antarctic stratospheric vortex was relatively stable and cold in comparison to most years of the prior decade. This resulted in a large and persistent ozone hole that ranked in the upper-tercile of metrics quantifying Antarctic ozone depletion. In contrast, strong stratospheric warming in the spring of 2019 curtailed the development of the ozone hole, causing it to be anomalously small and of similar size to ozone holes in the 1980s. As known from previous studies, the ability of planetary waves to propagate into the stratosphere at high latitudes is an important factor that influences temperatures of the polar vortex and the overall amount of ozone loss in any particular year. Disturbance and warming of the vortex by strong planetary wave activity were the dominant factors in the small 2019 ozone hole. In contrast, planetary wave disturbances to the vortex in the winter–spring of 2018 were much weaker than in 2019. These results increase our understanding of the impact of Montreal Protocol controls on ODS and the effects of Antarctic ozone on the southern hemisphere climate system.
Keywords: Antarctica, climate, meteorology, Montreal Protocol, ozone, ozone depletion, ozone hole metrics, southern hemisphere, stratosphere.
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