Atmospheric rivers impacting mainland China and Australia: climatology and interannual variations
Xian-Yun Wu A , Chengzhi Ye B E , Weiwei He C , Jingjing Chen B , Lin Xu B and Huqiang Zhang D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Hunan Climate Center, Changsha, Hunan, China.
B Hunan Meteorological Observatory, Changsha, Hunan, China.
C Spic Energy Techonology & Engineering Company, Shanghai, China.
D Bureau of Meteorology, GPO Box 1289k, Vic. 3001, Australia.
E Corresponding authors. Email: wfziyuye2001@aliyun.com; Huqiang.Zhang@bom.gov.au
Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 70(1) 70-87 https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19029
Submitted: 21 November 2019 Accepted: 19 March 2020 Published: 17 September 2020
Journal Compilation © BoM 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
In this study we have built two atmospheric river (AR) databases for mainland China and Australia using Japanese 55-year Reanalysis data with manual detections. By manually checking the magnitude, shape and orientation of vertically integrated vapour transport fields calculated from the reanalysis data and analysing its embedded synoptic patterns and other meteorological information, we detected 625 AR events over mainland China during 1986–2016 and 576 AR events over the Australian continent during 1977–2016. This manuscript documents the mean climatology, spatial distributions, seasonality and interannual variations of ARs occurring in these two regions. We also assessed possible underlying drivers influencing AR activities. Our results showed that: (i) most ARs over mainland China occured in its lower latitudes, including southern, eastern and central China, but ARs also reached its far north and northeast regions. In Australia, most ARs occurred in the states of Western Australia, South Australia and part of New South Wales and Victoria. These regions of high AR frequencies also frequently experienced Northwest Cloud Bands during the cool season; (ii) ARs in China reached their peak during the East Asian summer monsoon season (May–September). This was also the period when AR frequency in the Australian region tended to be higher, but its seasonal variation was weaker than in China; (iii) ARs exhibited large interannual variations in both regions and a declining trend in central and eastern China; (iv) there was a notable influence of tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the AR activities in the region, with the ARs in Australia being particularly affected by Indian Ocean SSTs and El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific. ARs in China appear to be affected by ENSO in its decaying phase, with more ARs likely occurring in boreal summer following a peak El Nino during its preceding winter; (v) the Western Pacific Subtropical High plays a dominant role in forming major moisture transport channels for ARs in China, and South China Sea appears to be a key moisture source. In the Australian region, warm and moist air from the eastern part of the tropical Indian Ocean plays a significant role for ARs in the western part of the continent. In addition, moisture transport from the Coral Sea region was an important moisture source for ARs in its east. Results from this study have demonstrated the value of using AR diagnosis to better understand processes governing climate variations in the A–A region.
Keywords: atmospheric rivers, Australia–Asian region, BoM, China, extreme rainfall, integrated vapour transport, interannual variations, manual detection, mean climatology, monsoon.
References
Annamalai, H., Hamilton, K., and Sperber, K. R. (2007). The South Asian summer monsoon and its relationship with ENSO in the IPCC AR4 simulations. J. Climate 20, 1071–1092.| The South Asian summer monsoon and its relationship with ENSO in the IPCC AR4 simulations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bao, J.-W., Michelson, S. A., and Neiman, P. J. (2006). Interpretation of enhanced integrated water vapor bands associated with extratropical cyclones: Their formation and connection to tropical moisture. Mon. Wea. Rev. 134, 1063–1080.
| Interpretation of enhanced integrated water vapor bands associated with extratropical cyclones: Their formation and connection to tropical moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bruyère, C., Holland, G., Prein, Done, J., Buckley, B., Chan, P., Leplastrier, M. and Dyer, A. (2019). Severe Weather in a Changing Climate. Insurance Australia Group, 67pp
Cai, W., and Cowan, T. (2008). Dynamics of late autumn rainfall reduction over southeastern Australia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L09708.
| Dynamics of late autumn rainfall reduction over southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cai, W., van Rensch, P., Cowan, T., and Hendon, H. H. (2011). Teleconnection pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the mechanisms for impacts on Australian rainfall. J. Climate 24, 3910–3923.
| Teleconnection pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the mechanisms for impacts on Australian rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chang, C. P. (Editor) (2004). East Asian Monsoon. World Scientific, 572pp
Chen, L. X., Zhu, Q. G. and Luo, H. B. (1991). East Asian Monsoon. (China Meteorological Press), 362 pp. (in Chinese)
Chen, J., Zhang, H., Ye, C., Chen, H., and Mo, R. (2020). Case studies of atmospheric rivers over China and Australia: new insight into their rainfall generation. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Case studies of atmospheric rivers over China and Australia: new insight into their rainfall generation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Choi, W., and Kim, K. (2019). Summertime variability of the western North Pacifc subtropical high and its synoptic influences on the East Asian weather. Scientific Report. (2019) 9, 7865.
| Summertime variability of the western North Pacifc subtropical high and its synoptic influences on the East Asian weather.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chowdary, J. S., and Gnanaseelan, C. (2007). Basin-wide warming of the Indian Ocean during El Nino and Indian Ocean dipole years. Int. J. Climatol. 27, 1421–1438.
| Basin-wide warming of the Indian Ocean during El Nino and Indian Ocean dipole years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ding, Y., Li, C., and Liu, Y. (2004). Overview of the South China Sea monsoon experiment. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 21, 343–360.
| Overview of the South China Sea monsoon experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drosdowsky, W. (1996). Variability of the Australian summer monsoon at Darwin: 1957–1992. J. Climate 9, 85–96.
| Variability of the Australian summer monsoon at Darwin: 1957–1992.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Espinoza, V., Waliser, D., Guan, B., Lavers, D., and Ralph, F. (2018). Global analysis of climate change projection effects on Atmospheric Rivers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 4299–4308.
| Global analysis of climate change projection effects on Atmospheric Rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, C. S., and Balgovind, R. C. (1994). The influence of the Indian Ocean/Indonesian SST gradient on the Australian winter rainfall and circulation in an atmospheric GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 120, 923–952.
| The influence of the Indian Ocean/Indonesian SST gradient on the Australian winter rainfall and circulation in an atmospheric GCM.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, C. S., and Frederiksen, J. S. (1996). A Theoretical Model of Australian Northwest cloudband disturbances and Southern Hemisphere storm tracks: The role of SST anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 1410–1432.
| A Theoretical Model of Australian Northwest cloudband disturbances and Southern Hemisphere storm tracks: The role of SST anomalies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, C. S., Zheng, X., and Grainger, S. (2014). Teleconnections and predictive characteristics of Australian seasonal rainfall. Clim. Dyn. 43, 1381–1408.
| Teleconnections and predictive characteristics of Australian seasonal rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gimeno, L., Nieto, R., Vázquez, M., and Lavers, D. A. (2014). Atmospheric rivers: a mini-review. Front. Earth Sci. 2, 2.
| Atmospheric rivers: a mini-review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guan, B., and Waliser, D. E. (2015). Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 12514–12535.
| Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hirota, N., Takayabu, Y. N., Kato, M., and Arakane, S. (2016). Roles of an atmospheric river and a cutoff low in the extreme precipitation event in Hiroshima on 19 August 2014. Mon. Wea. Rev. 144, 1145–1160.
| Roles of an atmospheric river and a cutoff low in the extreme precipitation event in Hiroshima on 19 August 2014.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hopkins, L. C., and Holland, G. J. (1997). Australian heavy-rain days and associated east coast cyclones: 1958–92. J. Climate 10, 621–635.
| Australian heavy-rain days and associated east coast cyclones: 1958–92.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang, H., and Mao, W. (2015). The South China Sea Monsoon Experiment—Boundary Layer Height (SCSMEX-BLH): Experimental design and preliminary results. Mon. Wea. Rev. 143, 5035–5053.
| The South China Sea Monsoon Experiment—Boundary Layer Height (SCSMEX-BLH): Experimental design and preliminary results.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang, W., Feng, S., Chen, J., and Chen, F. (2015). Physical mechanisms of the summer precipitation variations in the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China. J. Climate 28, 3579–3591.
| Physical mechanisms of the summer precipitation variations in the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jeon, S., Prabhat, , Byna, S., Gu, J., Collins, W. D., and Wehner, M. F. (2015). Characterization of extreme precipitation within atmospheric river events over California. Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr. 1, 45–57.
| Characterization of extreme precipitation within atmospheric river events over California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jiang, T., Evans, K. J., Deng, Y., and Dong, X. (2014). Intermediate frequency atmospheric disturbances: A dynamical bridge connecting western U.S. extreme precipitation with East Asian cold surges. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 3723–3735.
| Intermediate frequency atmospheric disturbances: A dynamical bridge connecting western U.S. extreme precipitation with East Asian cold surges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, D. A., Wang, W., and Fawcett, R. (2009). High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia. Aust. Meteorol. Oceanogr. J. 58, 233–248.
| High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krishnamurthy, V., and Kirtman, B. P. (2003). Variability of the Indian Ocean: relation to monsoon and ENSO. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 129, 1623–1646.
| Variability of the Indian Ocean: relation to monsoon and ENSO.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lavers, D. A., and Villarini, G. (2013). The nexus between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation across Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 3259–3264.
| The nexus between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation across Europe. Geophys. Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lavers, D. A., Villarini, G., Allan, R. P., Wood, E. F., and Wade, A. J. (2012). The detection of atmospheric rivers in atmospheric reanalyses and their links to British winter floods and the large‐scale climatic circulation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 117, D20106.
| The detection of atmospheric rivers in atmospheric reanalyses and their links to British winter floods and the large‐scale climatic circulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liang, P., Dong, G., Zhang, H., Zhao, M., and Ma, Y. (2020). Atmospheric rivers associated with summer heavy rainfall over the Yangtze Plain. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Atmospheric rivers associated with summer heavy rainfall over the Yangtze Plain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Luo, J. J., Sasaki, W., and Masumoto, Y. (2012). Indian Ocean warming modulates Pacific climate change. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 18701–18706.
| Indian Ocean warming modulates Pacific climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23112174PubMed |
Mahoney, K., Jackson, D. L., Neiman, P., Hughes, M., Darby, L., Wick, G., White, A., Sukovich, E., and Cifelli, R. (2016). Understanding the role of atmospheric rivers in heavy precipitation in the southeast United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. 144, 1617–1632.
| Understanding the role of atmospheric rivers in heavy precipitation in the southeast United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matsumura, S., and Horinouchi, T. (2016). Pacific Ocean decadal forcing of long-term changes in the western Pacific subtropical high. Sci. Rep. 6, 37765.
| Pacific Ocean decadal forcing of long-term changes in the western Pacific subtropical high.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27901052PubMed |
Mills, G. A., Webb, R., Davidson, N. E., Kepert, J., Seed, A. and Abbs, D. (2010). The Pasha Bulker east coast low of 8 June 2007. CAWCR Technical Report No. 023. Available at https://www.cawcr.gov.au/technical-reports/CTR_023.pdf
Mo, R., and Lin, H. (2019). Tropical-midlatitude interactions: Case study of an inland-penetrating atmospheric river during a major winter storm over North America. Atmos.-Ocean. 57, 208–232.
| Tropical-midlatitude interactions: Case study of an inland-penetrating atmospheric river during a major winter storm over North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nayak, M. A., Villarini, G., and Lavers, D. A. (2014). On the skill of numerical weather prediction models to forecast atmospheric rivers over the central United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 4354–4362.
| On the skill of numerical weather prediction models to forecast atmospheric rivers over the central United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neiman, P. J., Ralph, F. M., Wick, G. A., Kuo, Y.-H., Wee, T.-K., Ma, Z., Taylor, G. H., and Dettinger, M. D. (2008a). Diagnosis of an intense atmospheric river impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm summary and offshore vertical structure observed with COSMIC satellite retrievals. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136, 4398–4420.
| Diagnosis of an intense atmospheric river impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm summary and offshore vertical structure observed with COSMIC satellite retrievals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neiman, P. J., Ralph, F. M., Wick, G. A., Lundquist, J. D., and Dettinger, M. D. (2008b). Meteorological characteristics and overland precipitation impacts of atmospheric rivers affecting the West Coast of North America based on eight years of SSM/I satellite observations. J. Hydrometeor. 9, 22–47.
| Meteorological characteristics and overland precipitation impacts of atmospheric rivers affecting the West Coast of North America based on eight years of SSM/I satellite observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Newell, R. E., Newell, N. E., Zhu, Y., and Scott, C. (1992). Tropospheric rivers?–A pilot study. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2401–2404.
| Tropospheric rivers?–A pilot study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nicholls, N., McBride, J. L., and Ormerod, R. J. (1982). On predicting the onset of the Australian west season at Darwin. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 14–17.
| On predicting the onset of the Australian west season at Darwin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paltan, H., Waliser, D., Lim, W. H., Guan, B., Yamazaki, D., Pant, R., and Dadson, S. (2017). Global floods and water availability driven by atmospheric rivers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 10387–10395.
| Global floods and water availability driven by atmospheric rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pepler, A., Timbal, B., Rakich, C., and Coutts-Smith, A. (2014). Indian Ocean Dipole overrides ENSO’s influence on cool season rainfall across the eastern seaboard of Australia. J. Climate 27, 3816–3826.
| Indian Ocean Dipole overrides ENSO’s influence on cool season rainfall across the eastern seaboard of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pepler, A., Coutts‐Smith, A., and Timbal, B. (2014). The role of East Coast Lows on rainfall patterns and inter‐annual variability across the East Coast of Australia. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 1011–1021.
| The role of East Coast Lows on rainfall patterns and inter‐annual variability across the East Coast of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Radić, V., Cannon, A. J., Menounos, B., and Gi, N. (2015). Future changes in autumn atmospheric river events in British Columbia, Canada, as projected by CMIP5 global climate models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 9279–9302.
| Future changes in autumn atmospheric river events in British Columbia, Canada, as projected by CMIP5 global climate models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ralph, F. M., Dettinger, M., Lavers, D., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Martin, A., Viale, M., White, A. B., Oakley, N., Rutz, J., and Spackman, J. R. (2017). Atmospheric rivers emerge as a global science and applications focus. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 98, 1969–1973.
| Atmospheric rivers emerge as a global science and applications focus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., and Wick, G. A. (2004). Satellite and CALJET aircraft observations of atmospheric rivers over the eastern North Pacific Ocean during the winter of 1997/98. Mon. Wea. Rev. 132, 1721–1745.
| Satellite and CALJET aircraft observations of atmospheric rivers over the eastern North Pacific Ocean during the winter of 1997/98.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ramos, A. M., Nieto, R., Tomé, R., Gimeno, L., Trigo, R. M., Liberato, M. L. R., and Lavers, D. (2016). Atmospheric rivers moisture sources from a lagrangian perspective. Earth Syst. Dyn. 7, 371–384.
| Atmospheric rivers moisture sources from a lagrangian perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ramsay, H. A., Richman, M. B., and Leslie, L. M. (2017). The modulating influence of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures on Australian region seasonal tropical cyclone counts. J. Climate 30, 4843–4856.
| The modulating influence of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures on Australian region seasonal tropical cyclone counts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Risbey, J. S., Pook, M. J., McIntosh, P. C., Ummenhofer, C. C., and Meyers, G. (2009a). Characteristics and variability of synoptic features associated with cool season rainfall in southeastern Australia. Int. J. Climatol. 29, 1595–1613.
| Characteristics and variability of synoptic features associated with cool season rainfall in southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Risbey, J. S., Pook, M. J., McIntosh, P. C., Wheeler, M. C., and Hendon, H. H. (2009b). On the remote drivers of rainfall variability in Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev. 137, 3233–3253.
| On the remote drivers of rainfall variability in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T. (1999). A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401, 360–363.
| A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16862108PubMed |
Shields, C. A., Coauthors. (2018). Atmospheric River tracking method intercomparison project (ARTMIP): Project goals and experimental design. Geosci. Model Dev. 11, 2455–2474.
| Atmospheric River tracking method intercomparison project (ARTMIP): Project goals and experimental design.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tapp, R. G., and Barrell, S. L. (1984). The north-west Australian cloud band: Climatology, characteristics and factors associated with development. Int. J. Climatol. 4, 411–424.
| The north-west Australian cloud band: Climatology, characteristics and factors associated with development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Telcik, N., and Pattiaratchi, C. (2014). Influence of Northwest Cloudbands on Southwest Australian rainfall. J. Climatology 2014, 671394.
| Influence of Northwest Cloudbands on Southwest Australian rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ummenhofer, C. C., England, M. H., McIntosh, P. C., Meyers, G., Pook, M. J., Risbey, J. S., Sen Gupta, A., and Taschetto, A. S. (2009). What causes southeast Australia’s worst droughts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, 1–5.
| What causes southeast Australia’s worst droughts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ummenhofer, C. C., Coauthors. (2011). Indian and Pacific Ocean influences on southeast Aus-tralian drought and soil moisture. J. Climate 24, 1313–1336.
| Indian and Pacific Ocean influences on southeast Aus-tralian drought and soil moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, B. (2006). The Asian Monsoon. (Springer: Heidelberg, Germany.)
Wang, B., Wu, R., and Fu, X. (2000). Pacific–East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate? J. Climate 13, 1517–1536.
| Pacific–East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Webster, P. J., and Yang, S. (1992). Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 118, 877–926.
| Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright, W. J. (1997). Tropical–extratropical cloudbands and Australian rainfall: I. Climatology. Int. J. Climatol. 17, 807–829.
| Tropical–extratropical cloudbands and Australian rainfall: I. Climatology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wick, G. A. (2014). Implementation and initial application of an atmospheric river detection tool based on integrated vapor transport. 2014 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Geophys. Union, Abstract A34E-06.
Xie, S.-P., Hu, K., Hafner, J., Tokinaga, H., Du, Y., Huang, G., and Sampe, T. (2009). Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo–western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J. Climate 22, 730–747.
| Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo–western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xu, L., Zhang, H., He, W., Ye, C., and Moise, A. (2020a). Potential connections between atmospheric rivers in China and Australia. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Potential connections between atmospheric rivers in China and Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Han, Z., and Zhou, B. (2020b). Atmospheric rivers in the Asia–Australian region under current and future climate in CMIP5 models. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Atmospheric rivers in the Asia–Australian region under current and future climate in CMIP5 models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang, Y., Zhao, T., Ni, G., and Sun, T. (2017). Atmospheric rivers over the Bay of Bengal lead to northern Indian extreme rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 1010–1021.
| Atmospheric rivers over the Bay of Bengal lead to northern Indian extreme rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ye, C., Zhang, H., Moise, A., and Mo, R. (2020). Atmospheric rivers in the Australia-Asian region: a BoM–CMA collaborative study. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Atmospheric rivers in the Australia-Asian region: a BoM–CMA collaborative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, H. (2010). Diagnosing Australia-Asian monsoon onset/retreat and using large-scale wind and moisture indices. Clim. Dyn. 35, 601–618.
| Diagnosing Australia-Asian monsoon onset/retreat and using large-scale wind and moisture indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, H. and Moise, A. (2016). The Australian summer monsoon in current and future climate. In ‘The Monsoons and Climate Change’. (Eds L. M. V. de Carvalho and C. Jones) pp. 67–120. (Springer.)
Zhang, J., and Zhao, T. (2019). Historical and future changes of atmospheric precipitable water over China simulated by CMIP5 models. Clim. Dyn. 52, 6969–6988.
| Historical and future changes of atmospheric precipitable water over China simulated by CMIP5 models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, W., Li, H., Stuecker, M. F., Jin, F.-F., and Turner, A. G. (2016). A new understanding of El Niño’s impact over East Asia: Dominance of the ENSO combination mode. J. Climate 29, 4347–4359.
| A new understanding of El Niño’s impact over East Asia: Dominance of the ENSO combination mode.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, R., Sumi, A., and Kimoto, M. (1999). A diagnostic study of the impact of El Niño on the precipitation in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 16, 229–241.
| A diagnostic study of the impact of El Niño on the precipitation in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhao, T., Dai, A., and Wang, J. (2012). Trends in tropospheric humidity from 1970 to 2008 over China from a homogenized radiosonde dataset. J. Climate 25, 4549–4567.
Zhu, Y., and Newell, R. E. (1994). Atmospheric rivers and bombs. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1999–2002.
| Atmospheric rivers and bombs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhu, Y., and Newell, R. E. (1998). A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 725–735.
| A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
