Potential connections between atmospheric rivers in China and Australia
Lin Xu A , Huqiang Zhang B F , Weiwei He C , Chengzhi Ye A , Aurel Moise B D and José M. Rodríguez E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Hunan Meteorological Service, Changsha, Hunan, China.
B Bureau of Meteorology, GPO Box 1289k, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
C Spic Energy Techonology & Engineering Company, Shanghai, China.
D Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore.
E Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom.
F Corresponding author. Email: Huqiang.Zhang@bom.gov.au
Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 70(1) 36-53 https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19027
Submitted: 30 April 2019 Accepted: 22 January 2020 Published: 17 September 2020
Journal Compilation © BoM 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Results from a collaborative project between the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and China Meteorological Administration found that atmospheric rivers (ARs) can occur simultaneously in East Asia and Australia. Furthermore, ARs and the Northwest Cloud Band in the Australia region tend to reach their peaks during austral cool season (May–August). At the same time that the Asian summer monsoon develops and its meridional moisture transport and AR activities intensify. This has prompted us to explore potential connections of ARs in the two regions. In this study, we firstly analysed two ARs and their mechanism that occurred in China and Australia in June 2016, which caused significant rainfall in both countries. We then explored the atmospheric circulation background for such AR connections. From this case study, we show that ARs originating from the tropical Indian and Pacific oceans can become bifurcated through Indo-Pacific inter-basin interactions. The position of the bifurcation appears to depend on the location and intensity of Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), the subtropical high in the Australian region and the middle-latitude storm track migration in the southern hemisphere. Moreover, by analysing bifurcated AR events from the past two decades, we show that they are more likely to occur during boreal summer months. Most of the bifurcations occurred in the boreal summer following the decaying phase of an El Niño in its preceding winter, due to a delayed El Niño Southern Oscillation influence on the WPSH and a subtropical high in the Australian region. Our research further demonstrates the value of applying AR analysis in improving our understanding of the weather and climate in the Australia–Asian monsoon region.
Keywords: atmospheric river; bifurcation; atmospheric circulation anomalies, El Niño, extreme rainfall, Northwest Cloud Band, Western Pacific Subtropical High.
References
American Meteorological Society (2019). Atmospheric River. In ‘Glossary of Meteorology’. Available at http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Atmospheric_river.Bao, J.-W., Michelson, S. A., Neiman, P. J., Ralph, F. M., and Wilczak, J. M. (2006). Interpretation of enhanced integrated water vapour bands associated with extratropical cyclones: Their formation and connection to tropical moisture. Mon. Wea. Rev. 134, 1063–1080.
| Interpretation of enhanced integrated water vapour bands associated with extratropical cyclones: Their formation and connection to tropical moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brands, S., Gutiérrez, J. M., and San-Martín, D. (2017). Twentieth-century atmospheric river activity along the west coasts of Europe and North America: algorithm formulation, reanalysis uncertainty and links to atmospheric circulation patterns. Climate Dyn. 48, 2771–2795.
| Twentieth-century atmospheric river activity along the west coasts of Europe and North America: algorithm formulation, reanalysis uncertainty and links to atmospheric circulation patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cai, W., Van Rensch, P., and Cowan, T. (2011). Influence of global-scale variability on the subtropical ridge over southeast Australia. J. Climate 24, 6035–6053.
| Influence of global-scale variability on the subtropical ridge over southeast Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cai, W., Van Rensch, P., Cowan, T., and Hendon, H. H. (2012). An asymmetry in the IOD and ENSO teleconnection pathway and its impact on Australian climate. J. Climate 25, 6318–6329.
| An asymmetry in the IOD and ENSO teleconnection pathway and its impact on Australian climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cao, Y. C., and Zhang, T. (2016). Analysis of the June 2016 Atmospheric Circulation and Weather. Meteorol. Mon. 42, 1154–1160.
| Analysis of the June 2016 Atmospheric Circulation and Weather.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chang, C. P. (2004). East Asian Monsoon. (World Scientific Publishing: Singapore.) 564pp
Chen, J. L., and Huang, R. H. (2007). The Comparison of Climatological Characteristics among Asian and Australian Monsoon Subsystems. Part II: Water Vapour Transport by Summer Monsoon. Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 766–778.
| The Comparison of Climatological Characteristics among Asian and Australian Monsoon Subsystems. Part II: Water Vapour Transport by Summer Monsoon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, W., and Guan, Z. Y. (2016). Impacts of the super El Niño event in 2015/16 on Australian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation anomalies. Trans. Atmos. Sci. 39, 801–812.
| Impacts of the super El Niño event in 2015/16 on Australian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation anomalies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen L. X., Zhu Q. G., and Luo H. B. (1991). East Asian Monsoon. (China Meteorological Press: Beijing.) 362pp. [In Chinese.]
Chen, W., Lee, J.-Y., Lu, R., Dong, B., and Ha, K.-J. (2015). Intensified impact of tropical Atlantic SST on the western North Pacific summer climate under a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climate Dyn. 45, 2033–2046.
| Intensified impact of tropical Atlantic SST on the western North Pacific summer climate under a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, J., Zhang, H., Ye, C., Chen, H., and Mo, R. (2020). Case studies of atmospheric rivers over China and Australia: new insight into their rainfall generation. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Case studies of atmospheric rivers over China and Australia: new insight into their rainfall generation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dacre, H. F., Clark, P. A., Martinez-Alvarado, O., Stringer, M. A., and Lavers, D. A. (2015). How do atmospheric rivers form? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 96, 1243–1255.
| How do atmospheric rivers form?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dalvi, M. (2014) Nudging the Unified Model. Unified Model Documentation Paper 083. Met Office, United Kingdom. Available at https://www.ukca.ac.uk/images/1/16/Umdp_083_Nudging_um92.pdf
Dettinger, M. D. (2013). Atmospheric rivers as drought busters on the U.S. West Coast. J. Hydrometeor. 14, 1721–1732.
| Atmospheric rivers as drought busters on the U.S. West Coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ding, Y. (2004). Seasonal march of the East-Asian summer monsoon. In ‘East Asian Monsoon’. (Ed. C.-P. Chang.) pp. 3–53. (World Scientific Publishing: Singapore.)
Draxler, R. R., and Hess, G. D. (1998). An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 47, 295–308.
Drosdowsky, W. (2005). The latitude of the subtropical ridge over eastern Australia: the l index revisited. J. Climatol. 25, 1291–1299.
| The latitude of the subtropical ridge over eastern Australia: the l index revisited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ebita, A., Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Moriya, M., Kumabe, R., and Onogi, K. (2011). The Japanese 55-year reanalysis “JRA-55”: an interim report. SOLA 7, 149–152.
| The Japanese 55-year reanalysis “JRA-55”: an interim report.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, C. S., and Balgovind, R. C. (1994). The influence of the Indian Ocean/Indonesian SST gradient on the Australian winter rainfall and circulation in an atmospheric GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 120, 923–952.
| The influence of the Indian Ocean/Indonesian SST gradient on the Australian winter rainfall and circulation in an atmospheric GCM.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, C. S., and Frederiksen, J. S. (1996). A theoretical model of Australian Northwest Cloudband disturbances and Southern Hemisphere storm tracks: The role of SST anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 1410–1432.
| A theoretical model of Australian Northwest Cloudband disturbances and Southern Hemisphere storm tracks: The role of SST anomalies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, J. S., and Frederiksen, C. S. (2007). Interdecadal changes in southern hemisphere winter storm track modes. Tellus A 59, 19.
| Interdecadal changes in southern hemisphere winter storm track modes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, J. S., and Lin, H. (2013). Tropical-Extratropical Interactions of Intraseasonal Oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci. 70, 3180–3197.
| Tropical-Extratropical Interactions of Intraseasonal Oscillations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gao, Q., and Sun, Y. (2016). Changes in water vapour transport during the meiyu season after 2000 and their relationship with the Indian Ocean SST and Pacific-Japan pattern. Dynam. Atmos. Ocean 76, 141–153.
| Changes in water vapour transport during the meiyu season after 2000 and their relationship with the Indian Ocean SST and Pacific-Japan pattern.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gao, Y., Lu, J., and Leung, L. R. (2016). Uncertainties in projecting future changes in atmospheric rivers and their impacts on heavy precipitation over Europe. J. Climate 29, 1–38.
| Uncertainties in projecting future changes in atmospheric rivers and their impacts on heavy precipitation over Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gimeno, L., Nieto, R., Vázquez, M., et al. (2014). Atmospheric rivers: a mini-review. Front. Earth Sci. 2, 1–6.
| Atmospheric rivers: a mini-review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guan, B., and Waliser, D. E. (2015). Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 12514–12535.
| Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He, S. P. (2015). Potential connection between the Australian summer monsoon circulation and summer precipitation over central China. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett. 8, 120–126.
| Potential connection between the Australian summer monsoon circulation and summer precipitation over central China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hendon, H. H., Thompson, D. J., and Wheeler, M. C. (2007). Australian Rainfall and Surface Temperature Variations Associated with the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode. J. Climate 20, 2452–2467.
| Australian Rainfall and Surface Temperature Variations Associated with the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hirota, N., Takayabu, Y. N., Kato, M., and Arakane, S. (2016). Roles of an atmospheric river and a cutoff low in the extreme precipitation event in Hiroshima on 19 August 2014. Mon. Wea. Rev. 144, 1145–1160.
| Roles of an atmospheric river and a cutoff low in the extreme precipitation event in Hiroshima on 19 August 2014.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang, R. H., Zhang, Z. Z., Huang, G., and Ren, B. H. (1998). Characteristics of the Water Vapour Transport in East Asian Monsoon Region and its Difference from that in South Asian Monsoon Region in Summer. Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 22, 460–469.
Huang, G., Hu, K. M., and Xie, S. P. (2010). Strengthening of tropical Indian Ocean teleconnection to the northwest Pacific since the mid–1970s: An atmospheric GCM study. J. Climate 23, 5294–5304.
| Strengthening of tropical Indian Ocean teleconnection to the northwest Pacific since the mid–1970s: An atmospheric GCM study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kim, J., Waliser, D. E., Neiman, P. J., Guan, B., Ryoo, J. M., and Wick, G. A. (2013). Effects of atmospheric river landfalls on the cold season precipitation in California. Climate Dyn. 40, 465–474.
| Effects of atmospheric river landfalls on the cold season precipitation in California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Knippertz, P., and Wernli, H. (2010). A Lagrangian climatology of tropical moisture exports to the Northern Hemispheric extratropics. J. Climate 23, 987–1003.
| A Lagrangian climatology of tropical moisture exports to the Northern Hemispheric extratropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kosaka, Y., Xie, S. P., Lau, N. -C., et al. (2013). Origin of seasonal predictability for summer climate over the northwestern Pacific. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 7574–7579.
| Origin of seasonal predictability for summer climate over the northwestern Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23610388PubMed |
Lavers, D., and Villarini, G. (2015). The contributions of atmospheric rivers to precipitation in Europe and the United States. J. Hydrol. 522, 382–390.
| The contributions of atmospheric rivers to precipitation in Europe and the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, J. P., and Zeng, Q. C. (2005). A New Monsoon Index-Its Interannual Variability and Relation with Monsoon Precipitation. Climatic and Environmental Research 31, 766–778.
| A New Monsoon Index-Its Interannual Variability and Relation with Monsoon Precipitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, Y. Y., Yu, R. C., Fu, Y. F., and Ye, C. Z. (2009). A case study on the triggering of thermal convective precipitation. Acta Meteorol. Sin. 23, 455–467.
| A case study on the triggering of thermal convective precipitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lim, E.-P., Hendon, H. H., Arblaster, J. M., Chung, C., Moise, A. F., Hope, P., Young, G., and Zhao, M. (2016). Interaction of the recent 50 year SST trend and La Niña 2010: amplification of the Southern Annular Mode and Australian springtime rainfall. Climate Dyn. 47, 2273–2291.
| Interaction of the recent 50 year SST trend and La Niña 2010: amplification of the Southern Annular Mode and Australian springtime rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu, Y. M., Wu, G. X., Liu, H., and Liu, P. (2001). Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the eastern hemisphere. Climate Dyn. 17, 327–338.
| Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the eastern hemisphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Milton S. (2018). Seamless Tropical Evaluation in the UM. Global Modelling Science Workshop, Melbourne, 21–23 February 2018.
Nicholls, N., Drosdowsky, W., and Lavery, B. (2012). Australian rainfall variability and change. Weather 52, 66–72.
| Australian rainfall variability and change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paek, H., Yu, J. Y., Zheng, F., and Lu, M. M. (2016). Impacts of ENSO diversity on the western pacific and north pacific subtropical highs during boreal summer. Climate Dyn. 52, 7153–7172.
| Impacts of ENSO diversity on the western pacific and north pacific subtropical highs during boreal summer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pittock A. B. (1971). Rainfall and the general circulation. In ‘International Conference in Weather Modification’, Canberra, 6–11 September 1971. pp. 330–338. American Meteorological Society.
Qin, Z. J., Hou, S. G., Wang, Y. T., and Pang, H. X. (2017). Spatio-temporal variability of winter snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau and its relation to Arctic Oscillation. Geograph. Res. 36, 743–754.
| Spatio-temporal variability of winter snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau and its relation to Arctic Oscillation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raghavan K., Sabin T. P., Mujumdar M., and Priya, P. (2012). Extreme monsoon precipitation events over South Asia in a warming world. Egu General Assembly Conference. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
Rayner, N. A., Parker, D. E., Horton, E. B., Folland, C. K., Alexander, L. V., Rowell, D. P., Kent, E. C., and Kaplan, A. (2003). Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4407.
| Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Risbey, J. S., Pook, M. J., and McIntosh, P. C. (2013). Spatial trends in synoptic rainfall in southern Australia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 3781–3785.
| Spatial trends in synoptic rainfall in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rivera, E. R., Dominguez, F., and Castro, C. L. (2014). Atmospheric rivers and cool season extreme precipitation events in the Verde river basin of Arizona. J. Hydrometeor. 15, 813–829.
| Atmospheric rivers and cool season extreme precipitation events in the Verde river basin of Arizona.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rutz, J. J., Steenburgh, W. J., and Ralph, F. M. (2014). Climatological characteristics of atmospheric rivers and their inland penetration over the western United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. 142, 905–921.
| Climatological characteristics of atmospheric rivers and their inland penetration over the western United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H. L., et al. (2014). The NCEP climate forecast system versions 2 reanalysis. J. Climate 27, 2186–2208.
| The NCEP climate forecast system versions 2 reanalysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simmons, I., Bi, D. H., and Hope, P. (1999). Atmospheric Water Vapour Flux and its Association with Rainfall over China in Summer. J. Climate 12, 1353–1367.
| Atmospheric Water Vapour Flux and its Association with Rainfall over China in Summer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stan, C., Straus, D. M., Frederiksen, J. S., Lin, H., Maloney, E. D., and Schumacher, C. (2017). Review of Tropical-Extratropical Teleconnections on Intraseasonal Time Scales. Rev. Geophys. 55, 902–937.
| Review of Tropical-Extratropical Teleconnections on Intraseasonal Time Scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sui, C. H., Chung, P. H., and Li, T. (2007). Interannual and interdecadal variability of the summertime western north pacific subtropical high. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L11701.
| Interannual and interdecadal variability of the summertime western north pacific subtropical high.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun, Y. S., Wang, Y. Q., Shen, X. Y., Zhou, Y. S., and Deng, G. (2018). Diagnostic analysis on a heavy rainfall associated with the Northeast cold vortex and atmospheric river. Plateau Meteorol. 37, 970–980.
| Diagnostic analysis on a heavy rainfall associated with the Northeast cold vortex and atmospheric river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tapp, R. G., and Barrell, S. L. (1984). The north-west Australian cloud band: climatology, characteristics and factors associated with development. J. Climatol. 4, 411–424.
| The north-west Australian cloud band: climatology, characteristics and factors associated with development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Telcik, N., and Pattiaratchi, C. (2014). Influence of Northwest Cloudbands on Southwest Australian Rainfall. J. Climate 2014, 1–11.
| Influence of Northwest Cloudbands on Southwest Australian Rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Timbal, B., and Drosdowsky, W. (2013). The relationship between the decline of southeastern Australian rainfall and the strengthening of the subtropical ridge. J. Climatol. 33, 1021–1034.
| The relationship between the decline of southeastern Australian rainfall and the strengthening of the subtropical ridge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ummenhofer, C. C., Sen, G. A., Briggs, P. R., England, M. H., Mcintosh, P. C., Meyers, G. A., Michael, P., Michael, R. R., and James, S. R. (2011). Indian and Pacific Ocean influences on southeast Australian drought and soil moisture. J Climate 24, 1313–1336.
| Indian and Pacific Ocean influences on southeast Australian drought and soil moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, B. (2006). The Asian monsoon. (Praxis Publishing: Chichester.) 787pp.
Wang, R., and Wang, B. (2000). Phase space representation and characteristics of El Niño–La Niña. J. Atmos. Sci. 57, 3315–3333.
| Phase space representation and characteristics of El Niño–La Niña.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, B., Jiao, Z.-H., and Chao, J. (2005). The relationship between the surface temperature on tropical seas and the western end of the ridge of the subtropical high of Atlantic. Journal of Yunnan University: Natural Sciences Edition 27, 332–336,342.
Wang, B., Xiang, B., and Lee, J. Y. (2013). Subtropical high predictability establishes a promising way for monsoon and tropical storm predictions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 2718–2722.
| Subtropical high predictability establishes a promising way for monsoon and tropical storm predictions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23341624PubMed |
Warner, M. D., Mass, C. F., and Salathé, E. P. (2015). Changes in winter atmospheric rivers along the North American west coast in CMIP5 climate models. J. Hydrometeor. 16, 118–128.
| Changes in winter atmospheric rivers along the North American west coast in CMIP5 climate models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, A. A. J., and Stone, R. C. (2009). An assessment of relationships between the Australian subtropical ridge, rainfall variability, and high-latitude circulation patterns. Int. J. Climatol. 29, 691–709.
| An assessment of relationships between the Australian subtropical ridge, rainfall variability, and high-latitude circulation patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright, W. J. (1997). Tropical-extratropical cloudbands and Australian rainfall: I. Climatology. J. Climatol. 17, 807–829.
| Tropical-extratropical cloudbands and Australian rainfall: I. Climatology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wu, X., Ye, C., He, W., Chen, J., Xu, L., and Zhang, H. (2020). Atmospheric rivers impacting mainland China and Australia: climatology and interannual variations. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Atmospheric rivers impacting mainland China and Australia: climatology and interannual variations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xie, P., Yatagai, A., Chen, M., Hayasaka, T., Fukushima, Y, Liu, C., and Yang, S. (2007). A gauge-based analysis of daily precipitation over East Asia. J. Hydrometeor. 8, 607–626.
| A gauge-based analysis of daily precipitation over East Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xie, S. P., Hu, K. M., Hafner, J., Tokinaga, H., Du, Y., Huang, G., and Takeaki, S. (2009). Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J. Climate 22, 730–747.
| Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang, Y., Zhao, T., Ni, G., and Sun, T. (2017). Atmospheric rivers over the Bay of Bengal lead to northern Indian extreme rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 1010–1021.
| Atmospheric rivers over the Bay of Bengal lead to northern Indian extreme rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang, R., Wang, J., Zhang, T., and He, S. (2019). Change in the relationship between the Australian summer monsoon circulation and boreal summer precipitation over central china in the late 1990s. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 131, 105–113.
| Change in the relationship between the Australian summer monsoon circulation and boreal summer precipitation over central china in the late 1990s.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ye, C. Z., Zhang, H. Q., Moise, A., and Mo, R. P. (2020). Atmospheric Rivers in the Australia-Asian Region: A BoM-CMA Collaborative Study. J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci. , .
| Atmospheric Rivers in the Australia-Asian Region: A BoM-CMA Collaborative Study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yue, J., and Li, G. P. (2015). Diagnostic Analysis of the impact of atmospheric river in a persistent heavy rainfall in Sichuan Basin. Journal of Chengdu University of Information Technology 30, 72–80.
| Diagnostic Analysis of the impact of atmospheric river in a persistent heavy rainfall in Sichuan Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yue, J., and Li, G. P. (2016). Study on the moisture source of rainstorms in Sichuan basin by the Lagrangian method. J. Trop. Meteorol. 32, 256–264.
Zhang, H. (2010). Diagnosing Australia-Asian monsoon onset/retreat using large-scale wind and moisture indices. Climate Dyn. 35, 601–618.
| Diagnosing Australia-Asian monsoon onset/retreat using large-scale wind and moisture indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, C., and Zhang, H. (2010). Potential impacts of East Asian winter monsoon on climate variability and predictability in the Australian summer monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 101, 161–177.
| Potential impacts of East Asian winter monsoon on climate variability and predictability in the Australian summer monsoon region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang H., and Moise A. (2017). The Australian Summer Monsoon in Current and Future Climate. In ‘The Monsoons and Climate Change’. (Eds L. de Carvalho, C. Jones) pp. 67–120. (Springer International Publishing: Cham)
Zhang, H., Wen, Z., Wu, R., Chen, Z., and Guo, Y. (2017). Inter-decadal changes in the East Asian summer monsoon and associations with sea surface temperature anomaly in the South Indian Ocean. Climate Dyn. 48, 1125–1139.
| Inter-decadal changes in the East Asian summer monsoon and associations with sea surface temperature anomaly in the South Indian Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zheng, B., Chen, Y., and Li, C. Z. (2016). Characteristic of precursor environment of mesoscale convective system during summer in central-eastern China. Plateau Meteorol. 35, 460–468.
| Characteristic of precursor environment of mesoscale convective system during summer in central-eastern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhou, T. J., and Yu, R. C. (2005). Atmospheric water vapour transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 110, 1–10.
| Atmospheric water vapour transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhu, Y., and Newell, R. (1998). A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 725–735.
| A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
