Environmental interactions during the extreme rain event associated with ex-tropical cyclone Oswald (2013)
Marie-Dominique Leroux A G , Mai C. Nguyen-Hankinson B , Noel E. Davidson C , Jeffrey Callaghan D , Kevin Tory E , Alan Wain F and Xinmei Huang F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (Unité Mixte 8105 CNRS/Météo-France/Université de La Réunion), 50 bvd du chaudron, 97490 Saint-Denis, de la Réunion, France.
B Department of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
C Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, A partnership between the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
D Formerly Bureau of Meteorology, Queensland Regional Forecasting Centre, Brisbane, Qld., Australia.
E Science and Innovation Group, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
F Bureau National Operations Centre, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
G Corresponding author. Email: mariedominique.leroux@gmail.com
Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69(1) 216-238 https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19016
Submitted: 26 April 2019 Accepted: 23 October 2019 Published: 11 June 2020
Journal Compilation © BoM 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Tropical cyclone (TC) Oswald made landfall over north-east Australia as a minimal or Category 1 TC on the Australian scale on 21 January 2013. As it moved southward, it intensified over land and produced extreme rainfall for nearly 7 days. Tornadoes were reported and confirmed. Tragically, seven people died and insurance estimates were ~$1 billion. It is demonstrated that the event was associated with an interaction between the ex-Oswald circulation and an amplifying Rossby wave, which propagated north-eastward from high latitudes. Diagnoses showed that as the wave amplified and broke, a potential vorticity (PV) anomaly (PVA) extended to mid-levels, moved equatorward, merged with or axisymmetrised the ex-Oswald circulation through mid-levels. Backward trajectories from locations regularly scattered within the mid-level circulation illustrated that the storm transitioned from an isolated vortex into a circulation which was strongly influenced by its environment for at least 5 days. During this interaction, PV was advected from the environment towards the storm through mid-levels. The heavy rain coincided with the commencement and maintenance of this PV injection. The PV injection is quantified and shown to be consistent with PV advection by the mean radial flow. In addition, eddy angular momentum convergence in the mid- to upper levels coincided with an intensification of the circulation through this region. This was first related to outward transport of anticyclonic momentum by the asymmetric outflow at upper levels, followed by inward transport of cyclonic momentum by the asymmetric inflow. It is shown that the environmental interaction had an impact on vortex structure changes, rainfall and tornado development. We propose that the environmental processes influenced the ascent within the storm (1) via differential vorticity advection and baroclinic forcing, as the mid- to upper level PVA approached the circulation and (2) by low- to mid-level warm air advection.
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