Register      Login
Australian Energy Producers Journal Australian Energy Producers Journal Society
Journal of Australian Energy Producers
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Determining paleo-structural environments through natural fracture and calcite twin analyses: a case study in the Otway Basin, Australia

Hugo B. Burgin A B , Khalid Amrouch A , Mojtaba Rajabi A , David Kulikowski A and Simon P. Holford A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Australian School of Petroleum, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.

B Corresponding author. Email: hugo.burgin@adelaide.edu.au

The APPEA Journal 58(1) 238-254 https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ17099
Submitted: 11 December 2017  Accepted: 30 January 2018   Published: 28 May 2018

Abstract

The structural history of the Otway Basin has been widely studied; however, previous works have focussed on large kilometre scale, basin and seismic structures, or have over-simplified natural fracture analysis with an excessive focus on fracture strike direction and a disregard for 3D geometry, a crucial characteristic when considering states of stress responsible for natural fracture formation. In this paper, we combine techniques of natural fracture analysis and calcite twin stress inversion to investigate the meso (outcrop and borehole) and micro (crystal) scale evidence for structural environments that have contributed to basin evolution. Our results indicate that basin evolution during the post-Albian may be markedly more complex than the previously thought stages of late Cretaceous inversion, renewed rifting and long-lived mid-Eocene to recent compression, with evidence for up to six structural environments detected across the basin, including; NE–SW and NW–SE extension, NW–SE compression, a previously undetected regime of NE–SW compression, and two regimes of strike-slip activity. By constraining structural environments on the meso- and micro-scale we can deliver higher levels of detail into structural evolution, which in turn, provides better-quality insights into multiple petroleum system elements, including secondary migration pathways and trap formation. Our research also shows that the Otway Basin presents a suitable environment for additional micro-scale structural investigations through calcite twin analyses.

Keywords: basin analysis, tectonic, paleo-stress, structure.

Hugo Burgin is a PhD candidate at the Australian School of Petroleum. An awardee of an Australian Endeavour Research Fellowship in 2017, his PhD is focussed on paleo-stress analyses within Australia’s Otway Basin. His interests include structural geology, petrophysics and geomechanics.

Khalid Amrouch is a structural geologist with expertise in geomechanics. He graduated from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris VI) with an MSc and a PhD in structural geology. His main interest relates to brittle tectonics, fracture characterisation and 4D stress analyses. Khalid started his career in 2005 at the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP), which sponsored his studies, followed in 2010 by a position as research engineer at Mines PariTech. In 2012, Khalid spent 1 year working for BHP as an exploration geologist in Chile, before joining the Australian School of Petroleum in February 2013. Since then, Khalid has been an active member of the S3 Research Group, one of the largest geoscience research groups at the University of Adelaide.

Mojtaba Rajabi is a research associate at the Australian School of Petroleum, University of Adelaide. He is currently the Deputy Head of the World Stress Map project. His research interests are petroleum geomechanics, petrophysics and tectonic evolution of sedimentary basins. Mojtaba graduated with a PhD in Petroleum Geoscience from the Australian School of Petroleum in 2016. He has worked on the Australian Stress Map and the World Stress Map projects in Australia and Germany since 2012. Member: AAPG, ASEG, EAGE, EGU, IAMG, PESA, SEG, SPE and SPWLA.

David Kulikowski recently completed his PhD in structural geology and geophysics from the Australian School of Petroleum, University of Adelaide. His PhD was entitled ‘Modern Structural Analysis of Subsurface Provinces: A Case Study on the Cooper and Eromanga Basins, Australia’ and involved the analysis of micro-, meso- and macros-scale data obtained through geophysics or core analysis. He produced nine first author papers (published in highly respected journals, such as Tectonics, Marine & Petroleum Geology, Journal of Structural Geology, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, and Geophysical Prospecting to name a few) and contributed to several other papers as a co-author. He was awarded the Dean’s commendation for doctoral thesis excellence and nominated by both of his PhD reviewers for the University Doctoral Research Medal. David currently works at Woodside Energy in an Exploration role.

Simon Holford is an Associate Professor at the Australian School of Petroleum, the University of Adelaide. He graduated with a BSc (Hons) from Keele University (2001) and a PhD from the University of Birmingham (2006). His research interests are in the deformation, uplift and magmatic evolution of rifted margins, sedimentary basins, and continental interiors and their impact on hydrocarbon exploration. Member: AAPG, AGU, GSA, GSL, PESA.


References

Alley, N. F., and Lindsay, J. M. (1995). Tertiary. In ‘The geology of South Australa’. Vol. 2, Geological Survey of South Australia. Geological Survey Bulliten 54, 150–217.

Amrouch, K. (2010). Apport de l’analyse microstructurale à la compréhension des mécanismes de plissement. Exemples de structures plissées aux USA (Wyoming) et en Iran (Zagros), Thése, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, 2010–03, 477p.

Amrouch, K., Lacombe, O., Bellahsen, N., Daniel, J., and Callot, J. P. (2010a). Stress/strain patterns, kinematics and deformation mechanisms in a basement-cored anticline: Sheep Mountain anticline (Wyoming, USA). Tectonics 29, TC1005.
Stress/strain patterns, kinematics and deformation mechanisms in a basement-cored anticline: Sheep Mountain anticline (Wyoming, USA).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Amrouch, K., Robion, P., Callot, J. P., Lacombe, O., Daniel, J. M., Bellahsen, N., and Faure, J. L. (2010b). Constraints on deformation mechanisms during folding provided by rock physical properties: A case study at Sheep Mountain Anticline (Wyoming, USA). Geophysical Journal International 182, 1105–1123.
Constraints on deformation mechanisms during folding provided by rock physical properties: A case study at Sheep Mountain Anticline (Wyoming, USA).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Anderson, E. (1905). The dynamics of faulting. The Journal of Geology 14, 254–257.

Arboit, F., Amrouch, K., Collins, A. S., King, R., and Morely, C. (2015). Determination of the tectonic evolution from fractures, faults and calcite twins on the southwestern margin of the Indochina Block. Tectonics 34, 1576–1599.
Determination of the tectonic evolution from fractures, faults and calcite twins on the southwestern margin of the Indochina Block.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Arboit, F., Amrouch, K., Morley, C., Collins, A. S., and King, R. (2017). Paleostress magnitudes in the Khao Khwang fold-thrust belt, new insights into the tectonic evolution of the Indosinian orogeny in central Thailand. Tectonophysics 710–711, 266–276.
Paleostress magnitudes in the Khao Khwang fold-thrust belt, new insights into the tectonic evolution of the Indosinian orogeny in central Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bailey, A., King, R., Holford, S., Sage, J., Backe, G., and Hand, M. (2014). Remote sensing of subsurface fractures in the Otway Basin, South Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth 119, 6591–6612.
Remote sensing of subsurface fractures in the Otway Basin, South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beaudoin, N., Lepretre, R., Bellahsen, N., Lacombe, O., Amrouch, K., Callot, J. P., Emmanuel, L., and Daniel, J. M. (2012). Structural and microstructural evolution of the Rattlesnake Mountain Anticline (Wyoming, USA): New insights into the Sevier and Laramide orogenic stress build-up in the Bighorn Basin. Tectonophysics 576–577, 20–45.

Bellahsen, N., Fiore, P., and Pollard, D. D. (2006). The role of fractures in the structural interpretation of Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming. Journal of Structural Geology 28, 850–867.
The role of fractures in the structural interpretation of Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Birch, W. D. (2003). Geology of Victoria: Special Publication. The Geological Survey of Victoria. Volume 23.

Boeuf, M. G., and Doust, H. (1975). Structure and Development of the Southern Margin of Australia. The APPEA Journal 15, 33–43.
Structure and Development of the Southern Margin of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boreham, C. J., Hope, J. M., Jackson, P., Logan, G. A., and Krassay, A. A. (2004). Gas-oil-source correlations in the Otway Basin, Southern Australia, in Boult, P. J., Johns, D.R. and Lang, S.C, ed., Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium II, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publication, 603–627.

Bradshaw, M. T. (1993). Australian Petroleum Systems. PESA Journal 21, 43–53.

Brown, J. D. B., Gawankar, K., Kumar, A., Li, B., Miller, C. K., Laronga, R., and Schlicht, P. 2015, Imaging: Getting the Down Hole Picture, in Schlumberger, ed., Oilfield Review, 27.

Burkhard, M. (1993). Calcite twins, their geometry, appearance and significant as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime: a review. Journal of Structural Geology 15, 351–368.
Calcite twins, their geometry, appearance and significant as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

CO2CRC (2016). CO2 CRC: Otway Project. Available at: http://www.co2crc.com.au/.

de Castro, D. L., Bezerra, F. H. R., Sousa, M. O. L., and Fuck, R. A. (2012). Influence of Neoproterozoic tectonic fabric on the origin of the Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil and its links with West Africa based on gravity and magnetic data. Journal of Geodynamics 54, 29–42.
Influence of Neoproterozoic tectonic fabric on the origin of the Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil and its links with West Africa based on gravity and magnetic data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Delvaux, D., and Sperner, B. (2003). Stress tensor inversion from fault kinematic indicators and focal mechanism data: the TENSOR program. In New Insights into Structural Interpretation and Modelling (D. Nieuwland Ed.). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 212: 75–100.

Dresen, G. (1991). Stress distribution and the orientation of Riedel shears. Tectonophysics 188, 239–247.
Stress distribution and the orientation of Riedel shears.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Duddy, I. R. (2003) Mesozoic: A time of change in tectonic regime. In Birch, W. D. (Ed) The Geology of Victoria. GSA Special Publication 23, 239–286.

Edwards, D. D., Struckmeyer, H. I. M., Bradshaw, M. T., and Skinner, J. E. (1999). Geochemical Characteristics of Ausralia’s Southern Margin Petroleum Systems. The APPEA Journal 39, 297–321.
Geochemical Characteristics of Ausralia’s Southern Margin Petroleum Systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Etchecopar, A., (1984). Etude des états de contraintes en tectonique cassante et simulation de déformations plastiques (PhD thèse): Montpellier, France, Université Montpellier. 270 pp.

Faulkner, D. R., Jackson, C. A. L., Lunn, R. J., Schlische, R. W., Shipton, Z. K., Wibberley, C. A. J., and Withjack, M. O. (2010). A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones. Journal of Structural Geology 32, 1557–1575.
A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Geoscience Australia, 2016, Geoscience Australia: The Otway Basin, Volume 2015.

Gibson, G. M., Morse, M. P., Ireland, T. R., and Nayak, G. K. (2011). Arc–continent collision and orogenesis in western Tasmanides: Insights from reactivated basement structures and formation of an ocean–continent transform boundary off western Tasmania. Gondwana Research 19, 608–627.
Arc–continent collision and orogenesis in western Tasmanides: Insights from reactivated basement structures and formation of an ocean–continent transform boundary off western Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gibson, G. M., Totterdell, J. M., White, L. T., Mitchell, C. H., Stacey, A. R., Morse, M. P., and Whitaker, A. (2013). Pre-existing basement structure and its influence on continental rifting and fracture zone development along Australia’s southern rifted margin. Journal of the Geological Society 170, 365–377.
Pre-existing basement structure and its influence on continental rifting and fracture zone development along Australia’s southern rifted margin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Google Earth (2018). V. 7.3.0.3832 (December 23 2016). Jameson Beach, Great Ocean Road, Victoria Australia. 38°35’45.49”S, 143°55’.16.85”E, Eye Alt 894m. Aibus / CNES, 2018. https://www.google.com.au/earth/ (23 January 2018)

Healy, D., Jones, R. R., and Holdsworth, R. E. (2006). Three-dimensional brittle shear fracturing by tensile crack interaction. Nature 439, 64–67.
Three-dimensional brittle shear fracturing by tensile crack interaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hill, A. J. (2002). Maturity modelling, hydrocarbon occurrences and shows. Petroleum Geology of South Australia 1 Otway Basin, South Australia, no. 2, 9.

Hill, K. A., Cooper, G. T., Richardson, M. J., and Lavin, C. J. (1994). Structural framework of the eastern Otway Basin: inversion and interaction between two major structural provinces. Exploration Geophysics 25, 79–87.
Structural framework of the eastern Otway Basin: inversion and interaction between two major structural provinces.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hillis, R. R., and Reynolds, S. D. (2000). The Australian Stress Map. Journal of the Geological Society 157, 915–921.
The Australian Stress Map.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holford, S. P., Tuitt, A. K., Hillis, R. R., Green, P. F., Stoker, M. S., Duddy, I. R., Sandiford, M., and Tassone, D. R. (2014). Cenozoic deformation in the Otway Basin, southern Australian margin: implications for the origin and nature of post-breakup compression at rifted margins. Basin Research 26, 10–37.
Cenozoic deformation in the Otway Basin, southern Australian margin: implications for the origin and nature of post-breakup compression at rifted margins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holford, S., Hillis, R., Duddy, I., Green, P., Stoker, M., Tuitt, A., Backé, G., Tassone, D., and MacDonald, J. (2011). Cenozoic post-breakup compressional deformation and exhumation of the southern Australian margin. The APPEA Journal 51, 613–638.
Cenozoic post-breakup compressional deformation and exhumation of the southern Australian margin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Krassay, A. A., Cathro, D. L., and Ryan, D. J. (2004). A Regional Tectonostratigraphic Framework for the Otway Basin. PESA Eastern Australian Basins Symposium II.

Kulikowski, D., and Amrouch, K. (2017). Combining Geophysical Data and Calcite Twin Stress Inversion to Refine the Tectonic History of Subsurface and Offshore Provinces: A Case Study on the Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Australia. Tectonics 36, 515–541.
Combining Geophysical Data and Calcite Twin Stress Inversion to Refine the Tectonic History of Subsurface and Offshore Provinces: A Case Study on the Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kulikowski, D., and Amrouch, K. (2018). 3D seismic analysis investigating the relationship between stratigraphic architecture and structural activity in the intra-cratonic Cooper and Eromanga basins, Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology 91, 381–400.
3D seismic analysis investigating the relationship between stratigraphic architecture and structural activity in the intra-cratonic Cooper and Eromanga basins, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kulikowski, D., Amrouch, K., Al Barwani, K.H.M., Liu W. and Cooke, D. (2015). Insights into the Tectonic Stress History and Regional 4-D Natural Fracture Distribution in the Australian Cooper Basin Using Etchecopar’s Calcite Twin Stress Inversion Techbique, 2-D/3-D Seismic Interpretation and Natural Fracture Data From Image Logs and Core. Search and Discovery, Article 41752

Kulikowski, D., Cooke, D., and Amrouch, K. (2016a). Constraining the distribution and relationship between overpressure, natural fracture density and temperature in the Cooper Basin. The APPEA Journal 56, 11–28.
Constraining the distribution and relationship between overpressure, natural fracture density and temperature in the Cooper Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kulikowski, D., Hochwald, C., Cooke, D., and Amrouch, K. (2016b). A Statistical Approach to Assessing Depth Conversion Uncertainty on a Regional Dataset: Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Australia. ASEG-PESA-AIG 2016 Conference, Adelaide. Extended Abstract #200, 484–490.

Kulikowski, D., Amrouch, K., and Cooke, D. (2016c). Geomechanical Modelling of Fault Reactivation in the Cooper Basin, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 63, 295–314.
Geomechanical Modelling of Fault Reactivation in the Cooper Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kulikowski, D., Amrouch, K., Cooke, D., and Gay, M. E. (2017). Basement Structural Architecture and Hydrocarbon Conduit Potential of Polygonal Faults in the Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Australia. Geophysical Prospecting, , .

Lacazette, A. (2009). Paleostress analysis from image logs using pinnate joints as slip indicators. AAPG Bulletin 93, 1489–1501.
Paleostress analysis from image logs using pinnate joints as slip indicators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lacombe, O., Amrouch, K., Mouthereau, F., and Dissez, L. (2007). Calcite twinning constraints and deformation mechanisms in the active Zagros collision belt. Geology 35, 263–266.
Calcite twinning constraints and deformation mechanisms in the active Zagros collision belt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lyon, P. J., Boult, P. J., Hillis, R. R., and Bierbrauer, K. (2007). Basement controls on fault development in the Penola Trough, Otway Basin, and implications for fault-bounded hydrocarbon traps. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, 675–689.
Basement controls on fault development in the Penola Trough, Otway Basin, and implications for fault-bounded hydrocarbon traps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McQueen, A. F. (1962). The Geology of the Otway Basin. Australian Oil and Gas Journal 8, 8–12.

Mehin, K., and Kamel, M. (2002). ‘Gas resources of the Otway Basin in Victoria’. (The Department of Natural Resources).

Miller, J. M., Norvick, M. S., and Wilson, C. J. L. (2002). Basement controls on rifting and the associated formation of ocean transform faults—Cretaceous continental extension of the southern margin of Australia. Tectonophysics 359, 131–155.
Basement controls on rifting and the associated formation of ocean transform faults—Cretaceous continental extension of the southern margin of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moore, A. M. G., Stagg, H. M. J., and Norvick, M. S. (2000). Deep-water Otway Basin: A New Assesment of the Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity. The APPEA Journal 40, 66–85.
Deep-water Otway Basin: A New Assesment of the Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Morton, J. G. G., and Dextral, J. F. (1995). The Petroleum Geology of South Australia, Volume 1: Otway Basin, Volume 1: South Australia, SA Department of Mines and Energy.

Nelson, E., Hillis, R., Sandiford, M., Reynolds, S., and Mildren, S. (2006). Present Day State of Stress of South East Australia. The APPEA Journal 41, 15–35.

Norvick, M. S., and Smith, M. A. (2001). Mapping the Plate Tectonic Reconstruction of Southern and Southeastern Australia and Implications for Petroleum Systems. The APPEA Journal 41, 15–35.
Mapping the Plate Tectonic Reconstruction of Southern and Southeastern Australia and Implications for Petroleum Systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Palmowski, D., Hill, K. C., and Hoffman, N. (2004). Structure and hydrocarbons in the Shipwreck Trough, Otway Basin: half-graben gas fields abutting a continental transform. The APPEA Journal 44, 417–440.
Structure and hydrocarbons in the Shipwreck Trough, Otway Basin: half-graben gas fields abutting a continental transform.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Perincek, D., and Cockshell, C. (1995). The Otway Basin: Early Cretaceous Rifting to Neogene inversion. The APPEA Journal 35, 451–466.
The Otway Basin: Early Cretaceous Rifting to Neogene inversion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Perincek, D., Cockshell, C. D., Finlayson, D. M., and Hill, K. A. (1994a). The Otway Basin: Early Cretaceous Rifting to Miocene Strike Slip, in Proceedings NGMA/PESA Otway Basin Symposium Abstracts, AGSO Record, 27–33.

Perincek, D., Simons, B. A., and Pettifer, G. (1994b). The Tectonic Framework and associated Play Types of the Western Otway Basin, Victoria Australia. The APPEA Journal 35, 451–466.

Pokalai, K., Kulikowski, D., Johnson, R. L., Haghighi, M., and Cooke, D. (2016). Development of a new approach for hydraulic fracturing in tight sand with pre-existing natural fractures. The APPEA Journal 56, 225–238.
Development of a new approach for hydraulic fracturing in tight sand with pre-existing natural fractures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prensky, S. E. (1999). Bibliography of well-log applications; 1999 annual update. Petrophysics 41, 41–109.

Rajabi, M., Tingay, M., Heidbach, O., Hillis, R., and Reynolds, S. (2017a). The Present-day stress field of Australia. Earth-Science Reviews 168, 165–189.
The Present-day stress field of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rajabi, M., Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., and Reiter, K. (2017b). Prediction of the present-day stress field in the Australian continental crust using 3D geomechanical-numerical models. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 64, 435–454.
Prediction of the present-day stress field in the Australian continental crust using 3D geomechanical-numerical models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rocher, M., Baize, S., Angelier, J., Lozac’h, Y., Lemeille, F., and Cushing, M. (2004). Intraplate paleostresses reconstructed with calcite twinning and faulting: improved method and application to the Lorraine platform area (eastern France). Tectonophysics 387, 1–21.

Robson, A. G., Holford, S. P., King, R. C., and Kulikowski, D. (2018). Structural evolution of horst and half-graben structures proximal to a transtensional fault system using a 3D seismic dataset from the Shipwreck Trough, offshore Otway Basin, Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology 89, 615–634.
Structural evolution of horst and half-graben structures proximal to a transtensional fault system using a 3D seismic dataset from the Shipwreck Trough, offshore Otway Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sandiford, M., Wallace, M., and Coblentz, D. D. (2004). Origin of the in situ stress field in south-eastern Australia. Basin Research 16, 325–338.
Origin of the in situ stress field in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sibson, R. H. (2003). Brittle-failure controls on maximum sustainable overpressure in different tectonic regimes. AAPG Bulletin 87, 901–908.
Brittle-failure controls on maximum sustainable overpressure in different tectonic regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tavani, S., Storti, F., Lacombe, O., Corradetti, A., Muñoz, J. A., and Mazzoli, S. (2015). A review of deformation pattern templates in foreland basin systems and fold-and-thrust belts: Implications for the state of stress in the frontal regions of thrust wedges. Earth-Science Reviews 141, 82–104.
A review of deformation pattern templates in foreland basin systems and fold-and-thrust belts: Implications for the state of stress in the frontal regions of thrust wedges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Teasdale, J. P., Pryer, L. L., Stuart-smith, P. G., and Loutit, M. A. E. T. S. (2003). Structural framework and basin evolution of Australia’s southern margin. The APPEA Journal 43, 13–35.
Structural framework and basin evolution of Australia’s southern margin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

White, A. H. (1968). Exploration in the Otway Basin. The APPEA Journal 8, 78–87.
Exploration in the Otway Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Willcox, J. B., and Stagg, H. M. J. (1990). Australia’s Southern Margin: A Product of Oblique Extension. Tectonophysics 173, 269–281.
Australia’s Southern Margin: A Product of Oblique Extension.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zoback, M., Moos, D., Mastin, L., and Anderson, R. N. (1985). Well bore breakouts and in situ stress. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 5523–5530.
Well bore breakouts and in situ stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zoback, M. L., Zoback, M. D., Adams, J., Assumpcao, M., Bell, S., Bergman, E. A., Blumling, P., Brereton, N. R., Denham, D., Ding, J., Fuchs, K., Gay, N., Gregersen, S., Gupta, H. K., Gvishiani, A., Jacob, K., Klein, K., Knoll, P., Magee, M., Mercier, J. L., Muller, B. C., Paquin, C., Rajendran, K., Stephansson, O., Suarez, G., Suter, M., Udias, A., Xu, Z. H., and Zhizhin, M. (1989). Global patterns of tectonic stress. Nature 341, 291–298.
Global patterns of tectonic stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zoback, M. D., Barton, C. A., Brudy, M., Castillo, D. A., Finkbeiner, T., Grollimund, B. R., and Wiprut, D. J. (2003). Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 40, 1049–1076.
Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |