Chemical characterisation of natural and anthropogenic inputs of dust in the seasonal snowpack (2017–2020) at Calderone Glacier (Gran Sasso d’Italia)
Federica Bruschi
A * , Beatrice Moroni A , Chiara Petroselli A , Paola Gravina A , Roberta Selvaggi A , Massimo Pecci B C , Andrea Spolaor D E , Paolo Tuccella B F G , Edoardo Raparelli G H , Jacopo Gabrieli D E , Giulio Esposito I , Pinuccio D’Aquila J and David Cappelletti A B D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
B Italian Glaciological Committee, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio, 42 10125, Torino, Italy.
C DARA (Dipartimento di Affari Regionali e Autonomie), Via della Stamperia, 8, 00187 Roma, Italy.
D Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Ca’ Foscari University, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre (VE), Italy.
E Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy.
F Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio 46, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy.
G Center of Excellence Telesensing of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events (CETEMPS), Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy.
H Department Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy.
I Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, Italy.
J Engeoneering Srls, Bucchianico 66100, Chieti, Italy.
Environmental Chemistry - https://doi.org/10.1071/EN22017
Submitted: 1 March 2022 Accepted: 16 August 2022 Published online: 2 November 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Environmental context. We present a chemical characterisation of the seasonal snowpack sampled for four consecutive years at the Calderone, the southernmost glacier still surviving in peninsular Italy. This debris covered glacier recently split into two little ice bodies, whose evolution could be influenced by the snowpack properties. In particular the impact of long-range aerosol advections on concentrations of impurities in the snowpack over the local background is discussed.
Rationale. The Calderone Glacier (Central Apennine, Gran Sasso d’Italia mountain group) is the southernmost glacial apparatus in Europe, split into two glacierets (Upper and Lower Calderone) since the end of the last millennium. Because of its location and altitude, this site is mainly characterised by the long-range transport of air masses which arise from different Mediterranean source regions. Therefore, the seasonal snowpack’s chemistry is strongly affected by the dry and wet deposition of contaminants associated with anthropogenic and natural sources.
Methodology. In the present study, the seasonal snowpack stratified on the Calderone glacier has been characterised for four consecutive years (2017–2020) in the same monitoring site (2700 m asl), where a snow pit has been dug yearly, to observe the modification of chemical and physical properties depending on local and long-range atmospheric contributions. We determined the concentrations and fluxes of major inorganic ions (MIs) by ion chromatography and of 31 trace elements (TEs) by triple quadrupole ICP-MS.
Results. Major and trace element concentration profiles along the snowpack allowed to discriminate the snow layers contaminated by long range advections from the uncontaminated ones. The uncontaminated snow layers’ concentrations were used to calculate regional background values. The results have been compared to other remote sites to assess their robustness.
Discussion. Different source contributions have been recognised using enrichment factors for the trace elements, particularly crustal, marine and anthropogenic. Deposited atmospheric aerosols, found in the snowpack as distinct layers generated during intense air mass advections, have been correlated to these contributions.
Keywords: Calderone glacier, chemical characterisation, Gran Sasso d’Italia, long-range transport, major ions, Mediterranean glacier, Saharan dust, seasonal snowpack, trace elements.
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