Register      Login
Environmental Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Society
Environmental problems - Chemical approaches
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Temporal and spatial variations of three dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area during summer and winter

Nan Gao A B , Gui-Peng Yang A B C D , Hong-Hai Zhang A B and Long Liu A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China.

B Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.

C Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.

D Corresponding author. Email: gpyang@ouc.edu.cn

Environmental Chemistry 14(3) 160-177 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN16158
Submitted: 15 September 2016  Accepted: 18 December 2016   Published: 1 February 2017

Environmental context. Dimethylsulfide is a biogeochemically important sulfur gas emitted from the oceans that can lead to aerosol formation, thereby affecting earth albedo and climate. Studies on the biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide and its precursors and oxidation products in coastal waters can link the atmospheric chemistry of dimethylsulfide with the bioavailable organic sulfur pool in the oceans. The ensuing information is essential for understanding the biogeochemical dynamics of sulfur and its global cycles.

Abstract. The spatiotemporal distribution patterns of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a), as well as the oceanographic parameters influencing the concentrations of DMS, DMSP and DMSO, were measured in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area during two cruises from 21 February to 10 March 2014 and from 10 to 22 July 2014. The concentrations of DMS and DMSP showed significant seasonal variation, i.e. higher values in summer than in winter. This result corresponded well with the seasonal change in Chl-a in the study area. The distribution of dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) decreased significantly with distance from shore, suggesting a primary source of terrestrial and riverine inputs. The seasonal variations of both DMSOd and particulate DMSO (DMSOp) were weaker than other sulfur compounds. Significant relationships were observed between DMS, particulate DMSP (DMSPp), DMSOp and Chl-a, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass plays an important role in controlling the distributions of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in the study area. The positive relationship between DMSPp and DMSOp suggested similar sources and cellular functions in algae, whereas the oxidation of DMS to DMSOd appeared to be a predominant source of DMSOd in winter in the area adjacent to the river mouth. The average sea-to-air fluxes of DMS in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area were 0.37 and 1.70 µmol m–2 day–1 in winter and summer respectively; these values are much lower than those in other continental shelf seas.

Additional keywords: Changjiang Estuary, dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfoxide, distribution, phytoplankton.


References

[1]  T. S. Bates, J. D. Cline, R. H. Gammon, S. R. Kelly, Regional and seasonal variations in the flux of oceanic dimethylsulfide to the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., D, Atmospheres 1987, 92, 2930.
Regional and seasonal variations in the flux of oceanic dimethylsulfide to the atmosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkt1Oqu70%3D&md5=10504ebf735dce86a2868c09a5db3b43CAS |

[2]  J. D. Cline, T. S. Bates, Dimethyl sulfide in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: a natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1983, 10, 949.
Dimethyl sulfide in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: a natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlsVeltr4%3D&md5=9803ecd79170c2645a0c4923e3d1554fCAS |

[3]  A. J. Gabric, P. A. Matrai, R. P. Kiene, R. Cropp, J. W. H. Dacey, G. R. Ditullio, R. G. Najjar, R. Simó, D. A. Toole, D. A. delValle, D. Slezak, Factors determining the vertical profile of dimethylsulfide in the Sargasso Sea during summer. Deep Sea Res., Part II 2008, 55, 1505.

[4]  A. Lana, R. Simó, S. M. Vallina, J. Dachs, An updated climatology of surface dimethylsulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2011, 25, GB1004.
An updated climatology of surface dimethylsulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[5]  G. E. Shaw, Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulphur cycle. Clim. Change 1983, 5, 297.
Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulphur cycle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhtVemsA%3D%3D&md5=51bd34c999cc256d9f5e02ed5082eacfCAS |

[6]  R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, S. G. Warren, Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 1987, 326, 655.
Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXitVWgsb8%3D&md5=26087887143226eb6a82d61163de8e3dCAS |

[7]  C. S. Wong, S. K. E. Wong, A. Peña, M. Levasseur, Climatic effect on DMS producers in the NE sub-Arctic Pacific: ENSO on the upper ocean. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 2006, 58, 319.
Climatic effect on DMS producers in the NE sub-Arctic Pacific: ENSO on the upper ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[8]  P. K. Quinn, T. S. Bates, The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions. Nature 2011, 480, 51.
The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFGku73O&md5=c435ec6230e56b52e29d144c9d695897CAS |

[9]  G. Malin, S. M. Turner, P. S. Liss, Sulfur: the plankton/climate connection. J. Phycol. 1992, 28, 590.
Sulfur: the plankton/climate connection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXislSmsQ%3D%3D&md5=80ef010e9f66460b8ead72cbc1b04190CAS |

[10]  R. Simó, C. Pedrós-Alió, G. Malin, J. O. Grimalt, Biological turnover of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in contrasting open-sea waters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2000, 203, 1.
Biological turnover of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in contrasting open-sea waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[11]  G. L. Cantoni, D. A. Anderson, Enzymatic cleavage of dimethylpropiothetin by Polysiphonia lanosa. J. Biol. Chem. 1956, 222, 171.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaG28XptVehtw%3D%3D&md5=5e7170a6f312ea030205ebf4c8576935CAS |

[12]  R. P. Kiene, Dynamics of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in oceanic water samples. Mar. Chem. 1992, 37, 29.
Dynamics of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in oceanic water samples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitVSmtLc%3D&md5=6c11206d33b2f282683672a6dba0afbdCAS |

[13]  M. V. Zubkov, B. M. Fuchs, S. D. Archer, R. P. Kiene, R. Amann, P. H. Burkill, Rapid turnover of dissolved DMS and DMSP by defined bacterioplankton communities in the stratified euphotic zone of the North Sea. Deep Sea Res., Part II 2002, 49, 3017.
Rapid turnover of dissolved DMS and DMSP by defined bacterioplankton communities in the stratified euphotic zone of the North Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktlKntLg%3D&md5=bf60b8e970872c7a2172dfc4f4fddfe7CAS |

[14]  G. V. Wolfe, M. Levasseur, G. Cantin, S. Michaud, DMSP and DMS dynamics and microzooplankton grazing in the Labrador Sea: application of the dilution technique. Deep Sea Res., Part I 2000, 47, 2243.
DMSP and DMS dynamics and microzooplankton grazing in the Labrador Sea: application of the dilution technique.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsFCisb8%3D&md5=4f649110a4ff9819fc40f34484f7a36eCAS |

[15]  C. Li, G. P. Yang, D. J. Kieber, J. Motard-Côté, R. P. Kiene, Assessment of DMSP turnover reveals a non-bioavailable pool of dissolved DMSP in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Environ. Chem. 2016, 13, 266.
Assessment of DMSP turnover reveals a non-bioavailable pool of dissolved DMSP in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XksFGrsrs%3D&md5=36e80a334549588e8113a2afac0b8399CAS |

[16]  J. Stefels, Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants. J. Sea Res. 2000, 43, 183.
Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXms1Wrtb4%3D&md5=027dac5adee72a117a04db5e2924fe02CAS |

[17]  L. J. Darroch, M. Lavoie, M. Levasseur, I. Laurion, W. G. Sunda, S. Michaud, M. G. Scarratt, M. Gosselin, G. Caron, Effect of short-term light- and UV-stress on DMSP, DMS and DMSP lyase activity in Emiliania huxleyi. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2015, 74, 173.
Effect of short-term light- and UV-stress on DMSP, DMS and DMSP lyase activity in Emiliania huxleyi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[18]  W. Sunda, J. Kieber, R. Kiene, S. Huntsman, An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae. Nature 2002, 418, 317.
An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltlGms7k%3D&md5=f8f9c5e810ceff93a7343d07253056b6CAS |

[19]  M. Lavoie, M. Levasseur, M. Babin, Testing the potential ballast role for dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton: a modeling study. J. Plankton Res. 2015, 37, 699.
Testing the potential ballast role for dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton: a modeling study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[20]  M. Lavoie, J. A. Raven, M. Levasseur, Energy cost and putative benefits of cellular mechanisms modulating buoyancy in aflagellate marine phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 2016, 52, 239.
Energy cost and putative benefits of cellular mechanisms modulating buoyancy in aflagellate marine phytoplankton.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XlslSqt7g%3D&md5=244d69a4506f1030d23a819705218b81CAS |

[21]  R. Simó, Production of atmospheric sulfur by oceanic plankton: biogeochemical, ecological and evolutionary links. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2001, 16, 287.
Production of atmospheric sulfur by oceanic plankton: biogeochemical, ecological and evolutionary links.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[22]  R. C. Bouillon, P. A. Lee, S. J. de Mora, L. Connie, Vernal distribution of dimethylsulphide, dimethylsulphoniopropionate, and dimethylsulphoxide in the North Water in 1998. Deep Sea Res., Part II 2002, 49, 5171.
Vernal distribution of dimethylsulphide, dimethylsulphoniopropionate, and dimethylsulphoxide in the North Water in 1998.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xns1Cgs7k%3D&md5=00e43d88d1b5b0b0e18a3dff86f2e7c5CAS |

[23]  A. D. Hatton, G. Malin, P. S. Liss, Distribution of biogenic sulfur compounds during and just after the southwest monsoon in the Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Res., Part II 1999, 46, 617.
Distribution of biogenic sulfur compounds during and just after the southwest monsoon in the Arabian Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtVaitLc%3D&md5=1da8eb8f3cab9483818e9af247b45bfeCAS |

[24]  R. Simó, J. O. Grimalt, J. Albaigés, Dissolved dimethylsulphide, dimethylsulphoniopropionate and dimethylsulphoxide in western Mediterranean waters. Deep Sea Res., Part II 1997, 44, 929.
Dissolved dimethylsulphide, dimethylsulphoniopropionate and dimethylsulphoxide in western Mediterranean waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[25]  A. D. Hatton, G. Malin, S. M. Turner, P. S. Liss, Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds, in DMSO: A Significant Compound in the Biogeochemical Cycle of DMS (Eds R. P. Kiene, P. T. Visscher, M. D. Keller, G. O. Kirst) 1996, pp. 405–413 (Plenum Publishing Corporation: London).

[26]  K. Alef, D. Kleiner, Rapid and sensitive determination of microbial activity in soils and in soil aggregates by dimethylsulfoxide reduction. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1989, 8, 349.
Rapid and sensitive determination of microbial activity in soils and in soil aggregates by dimethylsulfoxide reduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhtlyisb4%3D&md5=70d113a5f89aa846734e8e93ccfe181cCAS |

[27]  C. Griebler, Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reduction: a new approach to determine microbial activity in freshwater sediments. J. Microbiol. Methods 1997, 29, 31.
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reduction: a new approach to determine microbial activity in freshwater sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXksVSru70%3D&md5=1c4045b24775fe21f61a605be7c04971CAS |

[28]  R. P. Kiene, Dimethyl sulfide metabolism in salt marsh sediments. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 1988, 53, 71.
Dimethyl sulfide metabolism in salt marsh sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhsleisL4%3D&md5=bf6f02ca898a7dde50e89e92382d26d1CAS |

[29]  R. P. Kiene, M. E. Hines, Microbial formation of dimethylsulfide in anoxic Sphagnum peat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61, 2720.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXms1Grs7w%3D&md5=14130eccb6f628887afa1118d103d854CAS |

[30]  N. I. López, C. M. Duarte, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reduction potential in Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) sediments. J. Sea Res. 2004, 51, 11.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reduction potential in Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[31]  C. E. Spiese, D. J. Kieber, C. T. Nomura, Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 54, 560.
Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplankton.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVCrtr3I&md5=f82ad66ed56e7d64b00f08249a6f2da6CAS |

[32]  S. H. Zinder, T. D. Brock, Dimethyl sulfoxide reduction by microorganisms. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1978, 105, 335.
Dimethyl sulfoxide reduction by microorganisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXksFKitb0%3D&md5=bf572d978668ce748f23f395d248ff5cCAS |

[33]  P. Brimblecombe, D. Shooter, Photo-oxidation of dimethylsulphide in aqueous solution. Mar. Chem. 1986, 19, 343.
Photo-oxidation of dimethylsulphide in aqueous solution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XmtFektbg%3D&md5=918c79a5f1e62949c727eaa061e10c0dCAS |

[34]  L. Y. Juliette, M. R. Hyman, D. J. Arp, Inhibition of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomas euopaea by sulfur compounds: thioethers are oxidized to sulfoxides by ammonia monooxygenase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993, 59, 3718.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXht12hsLg%3D&md5=53bf764645d41e9791eba2340ae83b2fCAS |

[35]  D. J. Kieber, J. Jiao, R. P. Kiene, T. S. Bates, Impact of dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101, 3715.
Impact of dimethylsulfide photochemistry on methyl sulfur cycling in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xhs1Kmsb4%3D&md5=859a7ce1e1a6accf864e6ab23b0f9786CAS |

[36]  B. F. Taylor, R. P. Kiene, Microbial metabolism of dimethyl sulfide. ACS Symp. Ser. 1989, 393, 202.
Microbial metabolism of dimethyl sulfide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktlKgsrc%3D&md5=bb3a547bd324a276071ad4dc2a402c5aCAS |

[37]  D. A. Toole, D. J. Kieber, R. P. Kiene, E. M. White, J. Bisgrove, D. A. del Valle, D. Slezak, High dimethylsulfide photolysis rates in nitrate-rich Antarctic waters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, L11307.
High dimethylsulfide photolysis rates in nitrate-rich Antarctic waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[38]  J. Zeyer, P. Eicher, S. G. Wakeham, R. P. Schwarzenbach, Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide to dimethyl sulfoxide by phototrophic purple bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1987, 53, 2026.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlsFSqtb8%3D&md5=b5f387d9b6c0903dc1a9247fc6802cf6CAS |

[39]  C. D. Deal, D. J. Kieber, D. A. Toole, K. Stamnes, S. Jiang, N. Uzuka, Dimethylsulfide photolysis rates and apparent quantum yields in Bering Sea seawater. Cont. Shelf Res. 2005, 25, 1825.
Dimethylsulfide photolysis rates and apparent quantum yields in Bering Sea seawater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[40]  A. D. Hatton, Influence of photochemistry on the cycling of dimethylsulphide in the northern North Sea. Deep Sea Res., Part II 2002, 49, 3039.
Influence of photochemistry on the cycling of dimethylsulphide in the northern North Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktlKntLk%3D&md5=b0343ac667f5872402ecc8175efea061CAS |

[41]  D. A. Toole, D. Slezak, R. P. Kiene, D. J. Kieber, D. A. Sigel, Effects of solar radiation on dimethylsulfide cycling in the western Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res., Part I 2006, 53, 136.
Effects of solar radiation on dimethylsulfide cycling in the western Atlantic Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsFansQ%3D%3D&md5=b41a2a6225f4d5e918ae867d0d6a5cd3CAS |

[42]  P. T. Visscher, H. V. Van Gemerden, Photo-autotrophic growth of Thiocapsa roseopersicina on dimethylsulphide. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1991, 81, 247.
Photo-autotrophic growth of Thiocapsa roseopersicina on dimethylsulphide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXltFSgt7s%3D&md5=52c7532c8b0426df2cc54bec390068e1CAS |

[43]  P. A. Lee, S. J. de Mora, Intracellular dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in unicellular marine algae: speculations on its origin and possible biological role. J. Phycol. 1999, 35, 8.
Intracellular dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in unicellular marine algae: speculations on its origin and possible biological role.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvVKrs7s%3D&md5=3d1f38fc03e4d23fdcc1e7952ecfa03aCAS |

[44]  J. Geigert, S. K. de Witt, S. L. Neidleman, G. Lee, D. J. Dalietros, M. Moreland, DMSO is a substrate for chloroperoxidase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1983, 116, 82.
DMSO is a substrate for chloroperoxidase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlvFSnu78%3D&md5=54984fbdfbd8d4ea78c6fad21b0ad0b0CAS |

[45]  B. R. H. Reed, Measurements and osmotic significance of beta-dimethylsulphoniopropionate in marine macroalgae. Mar. Biol. Lett. 2010, 4, 173.

[46]  G. O. Kirst, C. Thiel, H. Wolef, J. Nothnagel, M. Wanzek, R. Ulmike, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in ice-algae and its possible biological role. Mar. Chem. 1991, 35, 381.
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in ice-algae and its possible biological role.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XotVSrsw%3D%3D&md5=c3ad86cdbda594c802c13ede985213b4CAS |

[47]  J. L. DeBose, S. C. Lema, G. A. Nevitt, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes. Science 2008, 319, 1356.
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXislSktr8%3D&md5=e6cbdcbf3833a2fd2502b80f9274c61cCAS |

[48]  G. V. Wolfe, M. Steinke, G. O. Kirst, Grazing-activated chemical defence in a unicellular marine alga. Nature 1997, 387, 894.
Grazing-activated chemical defence in a unicellular marine alga.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkt1Grtrc%3D&md5=ce0dd1252395c9d69c794cde33b01316CAS |

[49]  Y. Liu, C. Y. Liu, G. P. Yang, H. H. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfide and acrylic acid in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea during autumn. Environ. Chem. 2016, 13, 127.
Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfide and acrylic acid in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea during autumn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitVehsw%3D%3D&md5=6490ba71baa64f0013dcee1d06531adeCAS |

[50]  J. Yang, G. P. Yang, Distribution of dissolved and particulate dimethylsulfoxide in the East China Sea in winter. Mar. Chem. 2011, 127, 199.
Distribution of dissolved and particulate dimethylsulfoxide in the East China Sea in winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVyksbrJ&md5=dc4f8c9c230b1424285fe32a9115ccf4CAS |

[51]  G. P. Yang, W. W. Jing, L. Li, Z. Q. Kang, G. S. Song, Distribution of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of the Yellow Sea, China during spring. J. Mar. Syst. 2006, 62, 22.

[52]  G. P. Yang, X. Wang, H. H. Zhang, C. Y. Liu, Temporal and spatial variations of dimethylsulfoxide in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. J. Sea Res. 2014, 90, 33.
Temporal and spatial variations of dimethylsulfoxide in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[53]  S. H. Zhang, G. P. Yang, H. H. Zhang, J. Yang, Spatial variation of biogenic sulfur in the south Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during summer and its contribution to atmospheric sulfate aerosol. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 488–489, 157.
Spatial variation of biogenic sulfur in the south Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during summer and its contribution to atmospheric sulfate aerosol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[54]  J. Zhang, S. M. Liu, J. L. Ren, Y. Wu, J. L. Zhang, Nutrient gradients from the eutrophic Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary to the oligotrophic Kuroshio waters and re-evaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf. Prog. Oceanogr. 2007, 74, 449.
Nutrient gradients from the eutrophic Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary to the oligotrophic Kuroshio waters and re-evaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[55]  X. Liu, H. Shen, Estimation of dissolved inorganic nutrients fluxes from the Changjiang River into estuary. Sci. China B Chem. 2001, 44, 135.
Estimation of dissolved inorganic nutrients fluxes from the Changjiang River into estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[56]  B. D. Wang, Cultural eutrophication in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume: history and perspective. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 69, 471.
Cultural eutrophication in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume: history and perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[57]  X. L. Gao, J. M. Song, Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 50, 327.
Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitF2ns7o%3D&md5=4ea8537457c355048a667b9d4876139cCAS |

[58]  C. C. Chen, G. C. Gong, F. K. Shiah, Hypoxia in the East China Sea: one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world. Mar. Environ. Res. 2007, 64, 399.
Hypoxia in the East China Sea: one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpsFKntrg%3D&md5=acd46313f12ea6388b21209e3dfa347fCAS |

[59]  J. Lin, T. Yan, Q. Zhang, M. Zhou, Impact of several harmful algal bloom (HAB) causing species, on life history characteristics of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller. Chin. J. Oceanology Limnol. 2016, 34, 642.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvF2mtrfF&md5=8fceea34ce5ac9c1f142b02394da7d95CAS |

[60]  J. Su, Circulation dynamics of the China Seas: north of 18°N, in The Sea, The global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Syntheses (Eds A. R. Robinson, K. H. Brink) 1998, pp. 483–505 (John Wiley and Sons Inc: New York, NY).

[61]  R. C. Tian, F. X. Hu, J. M. Martin, Summer nutrient fronts in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 1993, 37, 27.
Summer nutrient fronts in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXisFanuro%3D&md5=12ccab7b40d958d61ae89155d3ec2231CAS |

[62]  T. Yoshinari, Nitrous oxide in the sea. Mar. Chem. 1976, 4, 189.
Nitrous oxide in the sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XlvVaisrg%3D&md5=b82b2acb4652a332c8488040240df91eCAS |

[63]  H. H. Zhang, G. P. Yang, T. Zhu, Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer of the Yellow Sea, China, in spring. Cont. Shelf Res. 2008, 28, 2417.
Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer of the Yellow Sea, China, in spring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[64]  R. P. Kiene, D. Slezak, Low dissolved DMSP concentrations in seawater revealed by small-volume gravity filtration and dialysis sampling. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2006, 4, 80.
Low dissolved DMSP concentrations in seawater revealed by small-volume gravity filtration and dialysis sampling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtlWnt70%3D&md5=a82aa6b54aaaadc4c65b90022bf1811cCAS |

[65]  R. P. Kiene, G. Gerard, Determination of trace levels of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in seawater and rainwater. Mar. Chem. 1994, 47, 1.
Determination of trace levels of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in seawater and rainwater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmtFansbY%3D&md5=dcab50e894770c76ca19d872520706d3CAS |

[66]  R. Simó, Trace chromatographic analysis of dimethyl sulfoxide and related methylated sulfur compounds in natural waters. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 807, 151.

[67]  A. D. Hatton, S. T. Wilson, Particulate dimethylsulphoxide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in phytoplankton cultures and Scottish coastal waters. Aquat. Sci. 2007, 69, 330.
Particulate dimethylsulphoxide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in phytoplankton cultures and Scottish coastal waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1ajtrjM&md5=796730d178a1cb8f800db26f532d89eaCAS |

[68]  M. Lavoie, M. Levasseur, W. Sunda, A steady-state physiological model for intracellular dimethylsulfoxide in marine phytoplankton. Environ. Chem. 2016, 13, 212.
A steady-state physiological model for intracellular dimethylsulfoxide in marine phytoplankton.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XksFGrsbw%3D&md5=43f90e6fb36e70ae4e54a5b1cef36c47CAS |

[69]  E. S. M. Deschaseaux, R. P. Kiene, G. B. Jones, M. A. Deseo, H. B. Swan, L. Oswald, B. D. Eyre, Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in biological samples: a comparison of the TiCl3, and NaBH4 reduction methods using headspace analysis. Mar. Chem. 2014, 164, 9.
Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in biological samples: a comparison of the TiCl3, and NaBH4 reduction methods using headspace analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht1WjsLvK&md5=78bfad6480818f6d2d812b4ce01760aaCAS |

[70]  J. P. Jia, X. Q. He, Y. J. Jin, Simple linear regression, in Statistics 2012, pp. 265–292 (China Renmin University Press: Beijing). [In Chinese]

[71]  T. R. Parsons, Y. Maita, C. M. Lalli, Spectrophotometric determination of phaeo-pigments, in A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis 1984, pp. 104–107 (Pergamon Press: London).

[72]  Y. Su, A survey of geographical environment, circulation systems and the central fishing grounds in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea. J. Ocean Univ. China 1986, S1, 12. [In Chinese]

[73]  T. Fang, D. J. Li, L. H. Yu, Y. Li, Changes in nutrient uptake of phytoplankton under the interaction between sunlight and phosphate in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary. Chin. J. Geochem. 2008, 27, 161.
Changes in nutrient uptake of phytoplankton under the interaction between sunlight and phosphate in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXovV2kurw%3D&md5=a15ce88e8df838afeb24ae6bfa70ced8CAS |

[74]  M. J. H. O’Donohue, W. C. Dennison, Phytoplankton productivity response to nutrient concentrations, light availability and temperature along an Australian estuarine gradient. Estuaries Coasts 1997, 20, 521.
Phytoplankton productivity response to nutrient concentrations, light availability and temperature along an Australian estuarine gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtVSmsbo%3D&md5=66a44053a5d903e21298010dcdcd3ac1CAS |

[75]  M. O. Andreae, Dimethylsulfoxide in marine and freshwaters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1980, 25, 1054.
Dimethylsulfoxide in marine and freshwaters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhsVGjs7c%3D&md5=3879ca1ba6dc27339a2a2f5793c04c3eCAS |

[76]  D. A. Gage, D. Rhodes, K. D. Nolte, W. A. Hicks, T. Leustek, A. J. Cooper, A. D. Hanson, A new route for synthesis of dimethylsulphoniopropionate in marine algae. Nature 1997, 387, 891.
A new route for synthesis of dimethylsulphoniopropionate in marine algae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkt1Grsrw%3D&md5=4d2cff24d155e1debd6634204d30a495CAS |

[77]  P. Haas, The liberation of methylsulfide by seaweed. Biochemistry 1935, 29, 1297.
The liberation of methylsulfide by seaweed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaA2MXksFajsw%3D%3D&md5=fd0c4ccd54c8a10c3bf27635231997d4CAS |

[78]  T. W. Andreae, M. O. Andreae, G. Schebeske, Biogenic sulfur emissions and aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic: 1. Dimethylsulfide in sea water and in the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., D, Atmospheres 1994, 99, 22819.
Biogenic sulfur emissions and aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic: 1. Dimethylsulfide in sea water and in the atmospheric boundary layer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[79]  G. R. DiTullio, W. O. Smith, Relationship between dimethylsulfide and phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res., Part I 1995, 42, 873.
Relationship between dimethylsulfide and phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXovFehsLo%3D&md5=fd4ccb9336325d3de8bedb09e2e61ed5CAS |

[80]  G. P. Yang, S. Tsunogai, Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer of the western North Pacific. Deep Sea Res., Part I 2005, 52, 553.
Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer of the western North Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVGitbg%3D&md5=203638f66fd1b4cc486878d274946775CAS |

[81]  D. M. Shenoy, J. T. Paul, M. Gauns, N. Ramaiah, M. D. Kumar, Spatial variations of DMS, DMSP and phytoplankton in the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon 2001. Mar. Environ. Res. 2006, 62, 83.
Spatial variations of DMS, DMSP and phytoplankton in the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon 2001.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmslCqur8%3D&md5=54170c8a2ae4a2815c3ba574157c819dCAS |

[82]  R. Simó, M. Vila-Costa, Ubiquity of algal dimethylsulfoxide in the surface ocean: geographic and temporal distribution patterns. Mar. Chem. 2006, 100, 136.
Ubiquity of algal dimethylsulfoxide in the surface ocean: geographic and temporal distribution patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[83]  M. Vila-Costa, R. P. Kiene, R. Simó, Seasonal variability of the dynamics of dimethylated sulfur compounds in a coastal northwest Mediterranean site. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008, 53, 198.
Seasonal variability of the dynamics of dimethylated sulfur compounds in a coastal northwest Mediterranean site.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhvVGjs7g%3D&md5=f90b8e133b9ebfa5b18409f637e8250bCAS |

[84]  Z. Y. Jing, Z. L. Hua, Y. Q. Qi, X. H. Cheng, Numerical study on the coastal upwelling and its seasonal variation in the East China Sea. J. Coast. Res. 2007, 23, 555.

[85]  Z. Shen, S. Zhou, S. Pei, Transfer and transport of phosphorus and silica in the turbidity maximum zone of the Changjiang Estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2008, 78, 481.
Transfer and transport of phosphorus and silica in the turbidity maximum zone of the Changjiang Estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsVOjsr4%3D&md5=4f2e67dedcec45c055c28b381de5a833CAS |

[86]  A. D. Hatton, S. M. Turner, G. Malin, P. S. Liss, Dimethylsulphoxide and other biogenic sulphur compounds in the Galapagos Plume. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 1998, 45, 1043.
Dimethylsulphoxide and other biogenic sulphur compounds in the Galapagos Plume.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXns12rtr4%3D&md5=28a5f60ba93d609e70530521758d06cdCAS |

[87]  R. Simó, J. O. Grimalt, C. Pedrós-Alió, J. Albaigés, Occurrence and transformation of dissolved dimethyl sulfur species in stratified seawater (western Mediterranean Sea). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 127, 291.
Occurrence and transformation of dissolved dimethyl sulfur species in stratified seawater (western Mediterranean Sea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[88]  A. D. del Valle, D. J. Kieber, D. A. Toole, J. Bisgrove, R. P. Kiene, Dissolved DMSO production via biological and photochemical oxidation of dissolved DMS in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2009, 56, 166.
Dissolved DMSO production via biological and photochemical oxidation of dissolved DMS in the Ross Sea, Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtFOgtQ%3D%3D&md5=5c2aa50db2fe68e31e6fed10e5cb0446CAS |

[89]  M. Liu, T. Xiao, Y. Wu, F. Zhou, H. Huang, S. Bao, W. Zhang, Temporal distribution of bacterial community structure in the Changjiang Estuary hypoxia area and the adjacent East China Sea. Environ. Res. Lett. 2012, 7, 025001.
Temporal distribution of bacterial community structure in the Changjiang Estuary hypoxia area and the adjacent East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[90]  A. D. Hatton, D. M. Shenoy, M. C. Hart, A. Mogg, D. H. Green, Metabolism of DMSP, DMS and DMSO by the cultivable bacterial community associated with the DMSP-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. Biogeochemistry 2012, 110, 131.
Metabolism of DMSP, DMS and DMSO by the cultivable bacterial community associated with the DMSP-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVCjt7vF&md5=28396c5d5c27c22116b3c6464fedf67cCAS |

[91]  R. P. Kiene, L. J. Linn, Distribution and turnover of dissolved DMSP and its relationship with bacterial production and dimethylsulfide in the Gulf of Mexico. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45, 849.
Distribution and turnover of dissolved DMSP and its relationship with bacterial production and dimethylsulfide in the Gulf of Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkslerurw%3D&md5=2f53d513644b9cf0ccd535ae430b2c78CAS |

[92]  R. Simó, S. D. Archer, C. Pedrós-Alió, L. Gilpin, C. E. Stelfox-Widdicombe, Coupled dynamics of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide cycling and the microbial food web in surface waters of the North Atlantic. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47, 53.
Coupled dynamics of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide cycling and the microbial food web in surface waters of the North Atlantic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[93]  D. A. Toole, D. A. Siegel, S. C. Doney, A light-driven, one-dimensional dimethylsulfide biogeochemical cycling model for the Sargasso Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2008, 113 (G2), G02009.
A light-driven, one-dimensional dimethylsulfide biogeochemical cycling model for the Sargasso Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[94]  G. P. Yang, Spatial distribution of dimethylsulfide in the South China Sea. Deep Sea Res., Part I 2000, 47, 177.
Spatial distribution of dimethylsulfide in the South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktVShtA%3D%3D&md5=e1c98601d9cf458b7ec53b315d2f7f08CAS |

[95]  G. P. Yang, X. T. Liu, L. Li, Z. B. Zhang, Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide in the South China Sea. J. Mar. Res. 1999, 57, 189.
Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide in the South China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXit1Smsb8%3D&md5=bfd3c6d5cbcb820870253dd938ad217cCAS |

[96]  P. A. Lee, R. Haase, S. J. de Mora, J. P. Chanut, M. Gosselin, Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and related sulfur compounds in the Saguenay Fjord, Québec. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1999, 56, 1631.
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and related sulfur compounds in the Saguenay Fjord, Québec.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmsFOgsLw%3D&md5=a69521b84f256095e67f2f9ed483a15eCAS |

[97]  A. D. Hatton, DMSP removal and DMSO production in sedimenting particulate matter in the northern North Sea. Deep Sea Res., Part II 2002a, 49, 3053.
DMSP removal and DMSO production in sedimenting particulate matter in the northern North Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktlKntLY%3D&md5=e8b9d98fa3bce6a3faa725b34ac0e361CAS |

[98]  R. L. J. Kwint, X. Irigoien, K. J. M. Kramer, Copepods and DMSP, in Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds (Eds R. P. Kiene, P. T. Visscher, M. D. Keller, G. O. Kirst) 1996, pp. 239–252 (Plenum Publishing Corporation: London).

[99]  P. A. Matrai, M. D. Keller, Total organic sulfur and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton: intracellular variations. Mar. Biol. 1994, 119, 61.
Total organic sulfur and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in marine phytoplankton: intracellular variations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmtVSmsrg%3D&md5=6cd2a100d2820295c9836b2c60378c56CAS |

[100]  P. A. Matrai, M. Vernet, Dynamics of the vernal bloom in the marginal ice-zone of the Barents Sea: dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate budgets. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102, 22965.
Dynamics of the vernal bloom in the marginal ice-zone of the Barents Sea: dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate budgets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntlGjsrg%3D&md5=ed36bcbdfcfecffe56164ec6fdee4dfbCAS |

[101]  S. Q. Song, Phytoplankton Functional Groups in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea 2010, Ph.D. thesis, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China. [In Chinese]

[102]  M. D. Keller, W. K. Bellows, R. R. L. Guillard, Dimethyl sulfide production in marine phytoplankton, in Biogenic Sulfur in the Environment (Eds E. S. Saltzman, W. J. Cooper) 1989, pp. 167–182 (American Chemical Society: Washington, DC).

[103]  M. J. Zhou, Z. L. Shen, R. C. Yu, Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Cont. Shelf Res. 2008, 28, 1483.
Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[104]  H. M. Li, H. J. Tang, X. Y. Shi, C. S. Zhang, X. L. Wang, Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have led to increased harmful algal blooms. Harmful Algae 2014, 39, 92.
Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have led to increased harmful algal blooms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[105]  J. K. Egge, Are diatoms poor competitors at low phosphate concentrations? J. Mar. Syst. 1998, 16, 191.
Are diatoms poor competitors at low phosphate concentrations?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[106]  D. H. Rammler, A. Zaffaroni, Biological implications of DMSO based on a review of its chemical properties. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1967, 141, 13.
Biological implications of DMSO based on a review of its chemical properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2sXkt1Sjurc%3D&md5=e0b521bdcfae0cae0bfcc17f40b16f23CAS |

[107]  A. Vairavamurthy, M. O. Andreae, R. L. Iverson, Biosynthesis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and salinity variations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1985, 30, 59.
Biosynthesis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and salinity variations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXht1ymtb4%3D&md5=c79c27361d0f55374d188670384aa7b9CAS |

[108]  J. Stefels, L. Dijkhuizen, Characteristics of DMSP-lyase in Phaeocystis sp. (Prymnesiophyceae). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1996, 131, 307.
Characteristics of DMSP-lyase in Phaeocystis sp. (Prymnesiophyceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XislGksrg%3D&md5=aa5d424eb44b6378b006150e09e10a1bCAS |

[109]  R. L. Iverson, F. L. Nearhoof, M. O. Andreae, Production of dimethylsulfonium propionate and dimethylsulfide by phytoplankton in estuarine and coastal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1989, 34, 53.
Production of dimethylsulfonium propionate and dimethylsulfide by phytoplankton in estuarine and coastal waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXitFymurY%3D&md5=d6978d7d364db04155a84012d000c1daCAS |

[110]  C. Zindler, A. Bracher, C. A. Marandino, B. Taylor, E. Torrecilla, A. Kock, H. W. Bange, Sulphur compounds, methane, and phytoplankton: interactions along a north–south transit in the western Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences 2012, 9, 15011.
Sulphur compounds, methane, and phytoplankton: interactions along a north–south transit in the western Pacific Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[111]  S. F. Riseman, G. R. DiTullio, Particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfoxide in relation to iron availability and algal community structure in the Peru Upwelling System. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61, 721.
Particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfoxide in relation to iron availability and algal community structure in the Peru Upwelling System.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXns1Sjs74%3D&md5=a8c072abeb3454887b0381d24421c4d3CAS |

[112]  S. Besiktepe, K. W. Tang, M. Vila, R. Simó, Dimethylated sulfur compounds in seawater, seston and mesozooplankton in the seas around Turkey. Deep Sea Res., Part I 2004, 51, 1179.
Dimethylated sulfur compounds in seawater, seston and mesozooplankton in the seas around Turkey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtlSjs70%3D&md5=13874b515299cb7fabb1a29081aec25aCAS |

[113]  R. P. Kiene, D. J. Kieber, D. Slezak, D. A. Toole, D. A. del Valle, J. Bisgreve, J. Brinkley, A. Rellinger, Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfoxide during spring and early summer in the Southern Ocean south of New Zealand. Aquat. Sci. 2007, 69, 305.
Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfoxide during spring and early summer in the Southern Ocean south of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1ajtrvK&md5=344e802f940d33291ab5d16b8ec0a1d7CAS |

[114]  A. Brugger, D. Slezak, I. Obernosterer, G. Herndl, Photolysis of dimethylsulfide in the northern Adriatic Sea: dependence on substrate concentration, irradiance and DOC concentration. Mar. Chem. 1998, 59, 321.
Photolysis of dimethylsulfide in the northern Adriatic Sea: dependence on substrate concentration, irradiance and DOC concentration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhsFehsLs%3D&md5=6c9df319e5d3786416502123aa875763CAS |

[115]  E. Bucciarelli, W. G. Sunda, Influence of CO2, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate limitation on intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in batch cultures of the coastal diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003, 48, 2256.
Influence of CO2, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate limitation on intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in batch cultures of the coastal diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvFagtr0%3D&md5=c96a3b63609d62cd60e1f224612eddaaCAS |

[116]  A. C. Redfield, B. H. Ketchum, F. A. Richards, The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water, in The Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas, 2. (Ed. M. N. Hill) 1963, pp. 26–77 (Interscience Publishers: New York, NY).

[117]  P. S. Liss, L. Merlivat, Air-sea gas exchange rates: introduction and synthesis, in The Role of Air–Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (Ed. P. Buat-Menard) 1986, pp. 113–127 (Reidel, Dordrecht: Holland).

[118]  R. Wanninkhof, Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97, 7373.
Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[119]  P. D. Nightingale, G. Malin, C. S. Law, A. J. Watson, P. S. Liss, M. I. Liddicoat, J. Boutin, R. C. Upstill-Goddard, In situ evaluation of air–sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14, 373.
In situ evaluation of air–sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvVGms7s%3D&md5=3bcb2ba41d311525f67c480429985d1aCAS |

[120]  S. H. Zhang, Studies on tempo-spatial distribution of DMS and DMSP in the eastern marginal seas of China and molecular insight into bacterial cleavage of DMSP 2015, Ph.D. thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. [In Chinese]

[121]  K. K. Liu, K. Iseki, S. Y. Chao, Continental margin carbon fluxes, in The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Midterm Synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (Eds R. B. Hanson, H. W. Ducklow, J. G. Field) 2000, pp. 187–239 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK).

[122]  S. J. Kao, F. J. Lin, K. K. Liu, Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their isotopic compositions in surficial sediments from the East China Sea shelf and the southern Okinawa trough. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2003, 50, 1203.
Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their isotopic compositions in surficial sediments from the East China Sea shelf and the southern Okinawa trough.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis1arsrg%3D&md5=4b74916946c1286c0fbcb37e6ddd06ccCAS |

[123]  G. P. Yang, G. C. Zhuang, H. H. Zhang, Y. Dong, J. Yang, Distribution of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during spring: spatio-temporal variability and controlling factors. Mar. Chem. 2012, 138–139, 21.

[124]  X. Wang, Studies on the distribution and influencing factors of dimethylsulfoxide in the China shelf seas 2014, Ph.D. thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. [In Chinese]

[125]  J. Sun, H. H. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, N. Gao, G. P. Yang, Distribution and fluxes of biogenic sulfur in the East China Sea and its contribution to the non-sea-salt sulfate in atmospheric aerosol in summer. China Environ. Sci. 2016, 36, 3456. [In Chinese]