Insights into natural organic matter and pesticide characterisation and distribution in the Rhone River
Danielle L. Slomberg A B , Patrick Ollivier C , Olivier Radakovitch A , Nicole Baran C , Nicole Sani-Kast D , Auguste Bruchet E , Martin Scheringer D F and Jérôme Labille A B G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE), UM 34, Europôle de l’Arbois, BP 80, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.
B International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (iCEINT).
C Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), UMR 7327, BP 36009, F-45060, Orléans, France.
D Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
E Centre International de Recherche sur l’Eau et l’Environnement (CIRSEE)–Suez Environnement, 38 Rue du Président Wilson, F-78230, Le Pecq, France.
F Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
G Corresponding author. Email: labille@cerege.fr
Environmental Chemistry 14(1) 64-73 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN16038
Submitted: 18 February 2016 Accepted: 6 June 2016 Published: 13 July 2016
Environmental context. Natural organic matter in surface waters is a transport vector for environmental pollutants with both its concentration and composition influencing pollutant fate. Characterisation of organic matter in surface waters, crucial to understanding pollutant transport, should also account for spatial variation along the water source. The present work characterises the natural organic matter in the Rhone River and describes the distributions of various pesticides and metabolites along the river.
Abstract. Thorough characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in natural surface waters remains vital for evaluating pollutant dynamics and interactions with NOM under realistic environmental conditions. Here, we present the characterisation of NOM and pesticide compositions for nine sampling sites over the length of the Rhone River, also evaluating the advantages and limitations of different analytical techniques to determine how they complement one another. Together with dissolved and particulate organic carbon analyses, the dissolved organic matter (DOM, <0.8 μm) or NOM (unfiltered organic matter) was characterised with gel permeation chromatography, the polarity rapid-assessment method, excitation–emission matrix fluorescence, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to evaluate both composition and distribution. An additional objective was the determination of the NOM degradation state (i.e. constantly produced autochthonous or weakly degraded allochthonous species), an important factor in assessing potential NOM–pollutant interactions. The NOM compositions (i.e. proteins, polyhydroxy aromatics, polysaccharides, amino sugars) and proportions were similar between sites, but variations were observed in the relative proportions of autochthonous and allochthonous material from north to south. Anionic proteins and polyhydroxy aromatics in a molecular weight range of ~1000–1200 Da comprised the majority of the DOM. As a pollutant case study, five pesticides (glyphosate, metalochlor, chlortoluron, isoproturon, propyzamide) and some of their metabolites (aminomethylphosphonic acid, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid and metolachlor oxanilic acid) were measured. Several exhibited trends with the NOM, particulate organic carbon and suspended particulate matter distributions in the Rhone waters, suggesting a significant influence on pesticide fate and transport in the river.
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