Use of diffusive gradients in thin-films for studies of chemical speciation and bioavailability
Hao Zhang A B and William Davison A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
B Corresponding author: h.zhang@lancaster.ac.uk
Hao Zhang is Professor of Environmental Chemistry at Lancaster University where she has developed DGT and advanced understanding of biogeochemical processes affecting trace metals and other components in natural waters, sediments and soils. After gaining her B.Sc. in Marine Chemistry at the China Ocean University, Qingdao, in 1984 she worked for 3 years at the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences and then moved to the University of Brussels where she obtained her Ph.D. in Chemistry. She has published more than 150 peer reviewed papers. |
Bill Davison is Emeritus Professor of Environmental Chemistry at the University of Lancaster where his research has focussed on developing DGT and using it to understand dynamic aspects of biogeochemical processes, including chemical speciation in solution and solute-solid phase interactions in sediments and soils. Up to 1991 he was Head of Chemistry at the Institute for Freshwater Ecology where his research on biogeochemistry included redox-related processes in lakes. He is a graduate of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (B.Sc. Chemistry and Ph.D. Electrochemistry) and has published more than 200 peer reviewed papers. |
Environmental Chemistry 12(2) 85-101 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14105
Submitted: 31 May 2014 Accepted: 22 October 2014 Published: 25 March 2015
Environmental context. The health of aquatic organisms depends on the distribution of the dissolved forms of chemical components (speciation) and their rates of interaction (dynamics). This review documents and explains progress made using the dynamic technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) to meet these challenges of measuring directly chemical speciation and associated dynamics in natural waters. The relevance of these measurements to uptake by biota of chemical forms in soils, sediments and water is discussed with reference to this expanding literature.
Abstract. This review assesses progress in studies of chemical speciation using diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) by examining the contributions made by key publications in the last 20 years. The theoretical appreciation of the dynamic solution components measured by DGT has provided an understanding of how DGT measures most metal complexes, but excludes most colloids. These findings strengthen the use of DGT as a monitoring tool and provide a framework for using DGT to obtain in situ kinetic information. Generally, the capabilities of DGT as an in situ perturbation and measurement tool have yet to be fully exploited. Studies that have used DGT to investigate processes relevant to bioavailability have blossomed in the last 10 years, especially for soils, as DGT mimics the diffusion limiting uptake conditions that, under some conditions, characterise uptake by plants. As relationships between element accumulated by DGT and in plants depend on the plant species, soils studied, and the element and its chemical form, DGT is not an infallible predictive tool. Rather its strength comes from providing information on the labile species in the system, whether water, soil or sediment. Recent studies have shown good relationships between measurements of metals in periphyton and by DGT, and unified dose response curves have been obtained for biota in sediments when they are based on DGT measurements. Both these cases suggest that alternative approaches to the established ‘free ion’ approach may be fruitful in these media and illustrate the growing use of DGT to investigate environmental chemical processes.
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