Effect of pH and environmental ligands on accumulation and toxicity of Ni2+ to Lemna minor
Yamini Gopalapillai A B D , Bernard Vigneault C and Beverley Hale A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
B Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources Canada, 555 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0G1, Canada.
C Earth Sciences Sector, Natural Resources Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0E8, Canada.
D Corresponding author. Present address: Vale, 2060 Flavelle Boulevard, Mississauga, ON, L5K 1Z9, Canada. Email: ygopalap@uoguelph.ca
Environmental Chemistry 9(6) 547-557 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN12078
Submitted: 30 May 2012 Accepted: 8 November 2012 Published: 20 December 2012
Environmental context. Predicting metal toxicity is an important tool for effective and efficient risk assessment and regulation of metal pollution in the environment. The present study aims to provide scientific support for the development of a predictive Ni toxicity model for aquatic plants that is particularly applicable to mining-affected natural waters. We show that the effects of pH and natural organic ligands on Ni accumulation and toxicity can be modelled, but further research is required to understand the effects of flotation ligands used in the mining industry.
Abstract. Effects of water chemistry and metal speciation on metal uptake and toxicity to aquatic plants such as Lemna minor are not fully understood. The present study examined the effect of pH and environmental ligands (dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and mining related flotation ligands diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), sodium isopropyl xanthate), on Ni toxicity to L. minor. Exposure and tissue residue toxicity thresholds were assessed to validate the use of a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) or a Tissue Residue Approach (TRA) as a framework for predicting Ni toxicity. An increase in the activity of H+ non-linearly decreased the toxicity of free Ni ion activity, whereas Ni accumulation kinetics indicated that the mechanism of Ni2+ and H+ interaction was not competitive inhibition as expected by the BLM framework. The effect of DOC on the toxicity of total Ni concentration was relatively small (toxicity decreased by less than a factor of 2) and was explained solely by the complexation of Ni2+ by DOC. Alternatively, the protective effect of flotation ligands (DETA and TETA) was much less than expected based on estimated Ni complexation. Overall, a TRA model was directly applicable in the presence of organic ligands but not to varying pH, whereas a BLM-type model was applicable with changes in pH and DOC but not in the presence of the lesser studied flotation ligands. Such mechanistic information is essential for the development of reliable Ni toxicity models that would aid in risk assessment and regulation of Ni in the environment, particularly in mining-affected regions.
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