Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)
Guangcai Zhong A B C F , Zhiyong Xie A , Axel Möller A , Crispin Halsall D , Armando Caba A , Renate Sturm A , Jianhui Tang B , Gan Zhang E and Ralf Ebinghaus A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht, D-21502, Germany.
B Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, P. R. China.
C Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
D Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
E Guangzhou Geochemistry Institute, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
F Corresponding author. Email: guangcai.zhong@hzg.de
Environmental Chemistry 9(4) 405-414 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN12065
Submitted: 3 May 2012 Accepted: 28 June 2012 Published: 20 August 2012
Environmental context. The occurrence of pesticides in remote areas such as high mountains and the Arctic demands an understanding of their regional environmental fate. We investigate the levels and sources of currently used pesticides and legacy pesticides in the air and seawater of the German Bight. Volatilisation from local surfaces and long-range transport were the major sources of these chemicals to the air, whereas riverine input and atmospheric deposition by air–seawater exchange were the main sources of these chemicals to the seawater.
Abstract. Surface seawater and air samples collected from the German Bight (North Sea) in March, May and July 2010 were analysed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), five currently used pesticides (CUPs) (trifluralin, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, dacthal and quintozene) and pentachloroanisole (metabolite). Volatilisation from local surfaces was considered to be the main source of these chemicals to the air (excluding trifluralin). Long-range transport from Western Europe partly contributed to the higher air concentrations observed in July whereas riverine input was the main source for HCHs and pentachloroanisole in seawater in March. Air–sea gas exchange of HCB and α-HCH in the German Bight was found to be near equilibrium, probably reflecting the past use of these chemicals, their wide dispersal in the environment and lack of contemporary use. Deposition of target compounds from the air to seawater was observed to be much higher in July compared with depositional fluxes for March and May, except for chlorpyrifos (with volatilisation fluxes in all sampling periods: ~25 ng m–2 day–1). Concentrations of trifluralin in seawater appear to have decreased since its restriction of use in European Union member states, with net volatilisation from seawater observed in March (flux: 6.3 ± 7.2 ng m–2 day–1). With the exception of chlorpyrifos, our results indicate that volatilisation from local sources combined with long-range transport from Western Europe and subsequent deposition are important pathways for these compounds to German Bight seawater during summer periods.
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