Trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in marine biota and in humans
Renate Sturm A C and Lutz Ahrens B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
B Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
C Corresponding author. Email: renate.sturm@hzg.de
Environmental Chemistry 7(6) 457-484 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN10072
Submitted: 6 July 2010 Accepted: 12 October 2010 Published: 21 December 2010
Environmental context. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds are used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications, including polymer production and for surface treatment of textiles and paper. Research over the last 10 years has shown that these compounds are ubiquitous environmental contaminants – they are extremely persistent, show toxic effects and accumulate in the food chain. We evaluate global, temporal and spatial trends of these important emerging contaminants.
Abstract. This review gives an overview of existing knowledge of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in humans and in marine biota. Temporal trends and spatial distribution of PFCs were globally compared in humans, marine mammals, seabirds and fish. In general, PFC concentrations in the environment have increased significantly from the beginning of the production up to the 1990s. After the phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (POSF) production starting in 2000, PFC concentrations in humans generally decreased. In marine biota no clear temporal trends were observed. The temporal trends depended on the species, their trophic levels and the geographical locations. PFC patterns in humans and in marine wildlife species were compared regarding perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), their shorter and longer chain homologues (C4–C15) and precursor compounds. Finally knowledge gaps were identified and recommendations for future work were presented.
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