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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 6(2)

Dynamic DGT speciation analysis and applicability to natural heterogeneous complexes

Raewyn M. Town A C , Parthasarathi Chakraborty B and Herman P. van Leeuwen B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Institute for Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.

B Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands.

C Corresponding author. Email: rmt@ifk.sdu.dk

Environmental Chemistry 6(2) 170-177 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN08091
Submitted: 11 November 2008  Accepted: 10 March 2009   Published: 27 April 2009

Environmental context. The environmental fate and bioavailability of metal ions in natural waters is determined by their thermodynamic stability and kinetic features, both of which are distributed and depend on the metal ion loading of the system. Diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) is a dynamic technique for metal speciation analysis that measures a certain portion of these complexes as determined by its operational timescale. Reliable interpretation of data furnished by DGT necessitates characterisation of its features for the particular case of heterogeneous complexes.

Abstract. Owing to their inherent heterogeneity, the thermodynamic stability of metal ion complexes with natural ligands is characterised by a distribution, and thus is a function of metal-to-ligand ratio. The kinetic features of such metal complexes are also distributed and can be probed by dynamic speciation techniques. The kinetic regime of the metal complex sample can be manipulated via the metal-to-ligand ratio, and the timescale over which kinetic parameters are actually in effect is defined by the window of the chosen technique. Here we detail the kinetic features of diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT), and show that the range of attainable measurement timescales (τ) is rather limited: variation of the gel layer thickness practically allows only one order of magnitude in τ to be scanned. The more effective use of DGT to probe the distribution of dynamic metal species in heterogeneous systems is via variation of the metal-to-ligand ratio in the sample solution. Compilation of the literature DGT data for natural waters shows that by assuming a Freundlich isotherm relationship, the degree of heterogeneity is reflected in the measured DGT concentration as a function of metal ion loading.

Additional keywords: heterogeneity, kinetic window, lability.


Acknowledgement

The authors are greatly indebted to Dr Josep Galceran (Lleida University, Spain) for his skilful comments on the theoretical background of the present work. This work was performed within the ECODIS project, funded by the European Commission’s 6th framework program, subpriority 6.3 ‘Global Change and Ecosystems’, under contract 518043.


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1 Note that ‘dynamic’ still includes both labile and non-labile complex systems.