Partitioning of 1,2-dichlorobenzene onto organic and inorganic aerosols
Jeonghyeon Ahn A , Guiying Rao A and Eric Vejerano
A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
B Corresponding author. Email: vejerano@mailbox.sc.edu
Environmental Chemistry 18(2) 61-70 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN21016
Submitted: 3 February 2021 Accepted: 10 April 2021 Published: 4 May 2021
Environmental context. Contaminants adsorbed in aerosols are transported and deposited effectively to the respiratory system compared to their vapours. Measuring the extremely low concentration of highly volatile contaminants contained in aerosols is challenging; hence assessing their adverse effects on environmental and human health is less understood. The measured concentrations of these contaminants are similar to less volatile chemicals sampled from diverse environmental aerosols, suggesting that their contribution cannot be neglected.
Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not expected to partition onto aerosols because of their high vapour pressure. Studies on gas–aerosol partitioning of VOCs have been limited because of the challenge in discriminating the small mass fraction of the VOCs in the aerosol relative to that in the gas phase. Here, we developed a bench-scale system to investigate the partitioning of a surrogate VOC, 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), into inorganic and organic aerosols under different relative humidities (RHs) and temperatures. The partitioning coefficient (Kip) of 1,2-DCB into succinic acid (SA) aerosol was ~10× higher than those into ammonium sulfate (Am Sulf) aerosol. These Kip corresponded to 0.23–3.27 pg 1,2-DCB µg−1 of SA aerosol and 0.02–3.82 pg 1,2-DCB µg−1 of Am Sulf aerosol for RH levels of 5–95 %. Sorption of 1,2-DCB onto Am Sulf aerosol followed the classic relationship between Kip and RH, whereas that onto SA did not. For Am Sulf aerosols, RH levels exceeding 50 % have a negligible effect on partitioning, in which the extremely low amount of 1,2-DCB partitioned into the aerosol via dissolution. The octanol–air partition (KOA) model predicted the Kip of 1,2-DCB for SA aerosol better than the saturated vapour pressure partition (Pi0) model, whereas the Pi0 model predicted Kip better than the KOA model only when absorptive partitioning was considered.
Keywords: gas-to-particle partitioning, VOCs, atmospheric aerosols, water-soluble organic matter, inorganics, absorption, adsorption.
References
Abraham MH, Andonian-Haftvan JS, Whiting G, Leo AS, Taft R (1994a). Hydrogen bonding. Part 34. The factors that influence the solubility of gases and vapours in water at 298 K, and a new method for its determination. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 1777–1791.| Hydrogen bonding. Part 34. The factors that influence the solubility of gases and vapours in water at 298 K, and a new method for its determinationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abraham MH, Chadha HS, Whiting GS, Mitchell RC (1994b). Hydrogen bonding. 32. An analysis of water–octanol and water–alkane partitioning and the Δlog P parameter of Seiler. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 83, 1085–1100.
| Hydrogen bonding. 32. An analysis of water–octanol and water–alkane partitioning and the Δlog P parameter of SeilerCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 7983591PubMed |
Arp HPH, Schwarzenbach RP, Goss K-U (2008a). Ambient gas/particle partitioning. 1. Sorption mechanisms of apolar, polar, and ionizable organic compounds. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 5541–5547.
| Ambient gas/particle partitioning. 1. Sorption mechanisms of apolar, polar, and ionizable organic compoundsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arp HPH, Schwarzenbach RP, Goss K-U (2008b). Ambient gas/particle partitioning. 2: The influence of particle source and temperature on sorption to dry terrestrial aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 5951–5957.
| Ambient gas/particle partitioning. 2: The influence of particle source and temperature on sorption to dry terrestrial aerosolsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bilde M, Svenningsson B (2004). CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase. Tellus. Series B, Chemical and Physical Meteorology 56, 128–134.
| CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phaseCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brooks SD, Wise ME, Cushing M, Tolbert MA (2002). Deliquescence behavior of organic/ammonium sulfate aerosol. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 23-1–23-4.
| Deliquescence behavior of organic/ammonium sulfate aerosolCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cotham WE, Bidleman TF (1992). Laboratory investigations of the partitioning of organochlorine compounds between the gas phase and atmospheric aerosols on glass fiber filters. Environmental Science & Technology 26, 469–478.
| Laboratory investigations of the partitioning of organochlorine compounds between the gas phase and atmospheric aerosols on glass fiber filtersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Donahue NM, Robinson AL, Pandis SN (2009). Atmospheric organic particulate matter: From smoke to secondary organic aerosol. Atmospheric Environment 43, 94–106.
| Atmospheric organic particulate matter: From smoke to secondary organic aerosolCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Donaldson DJ, Valsaraj KT (2010). Adsorption and reaction of trace gas-phase organic compounds on atmospheric water film surfaces. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 44, 865–873.
| Adsorption and reaction of trace gas-phase organic compounds on atmospheric water film surfacesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ebersviller S, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, Zavala J, Lin Y-H, Jaspers I, Jeffries HE (2012a). Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, 12277–12292.
| Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PMCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ebersviller S, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, Zavala J, Lin Y-H, Jaspers I, Jeffries HE (2012b). Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 2: Complex urban VOCs and model PM. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, 12293–12312.
| Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 2: Complex urban VOCs and model PMCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Efstathiou CI, Matejovicová J, Bieser J, Lammel G (2016). Evaluation of gas–particle partitioning in a regional air quality model for organic pollutants. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, 15327–15345.
| Evaluation of gas–particle partitioning in a regional air quality model for organic pollutantsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T, Harner T (1997). Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 31, 2289–2296.
| Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosolsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldstein AH, Galbally IE (2007). Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth’s atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology 41, 1514–1521.
| Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth’s atmosphereCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goss KU (1992). Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sorption of organic vapors on quartz sand. Environmental Science & Technology 26, 2287–2294.
| Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sorption of organic vapors on quartz sandCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goss KU (1993a). Adsorption of organic vapors on ice and quartz sand at temperatures below 0°C. Environmental Science & Technology 27, 2826–2830.
| Adsorption of organic vapors on ice and quartz sand at temperatures below 0°CCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goss K-U (1993b). Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sorption of organic vapors on clay minerals. Environmental Science & Technology 27, 2127–2132.
| Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the sorption of organic vapors on clay mineralsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goss K-U, Eisenreich SJ (1997). Sorption of volatile organic compounds to particles from a combustion source at different temperatures and relative humidities. Atmospheric Environment 31, 2827–2834.
| Sorption of volatile organic compounds to particles from a combustion source at different temperatures and relative humiditiesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goss K-U, Schwarzenbach RP (1998). Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds: Critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constants. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 2025–2032.
| Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds: Critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constantsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goss K-U, Schwarzenbach RP (1999). Quantification of the effect of humidity on the gas/mineral oxide and gas/salt adsorption of organic compounds. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 4073–4078.
| Quantification of the effect of humidity on the gas/mineral oxide and gas/salt adsorption of organic compoundsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harner T, Bidleman TF (1998). Octanol−Air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 1494–1502.
| Octanol−Air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban airCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang T, Yu Y, Wei Y, Wang H, Huang W, Chen X (2018). Spatial–seasonal characteristics and critical impact factors of PM2.5 concentration in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration. PLoS One 13, e0201364
| Spatial–seasonal characteristics and critical impact factors of PM2.5 concentration in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomerationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30532245PubMed |
Jang M, Czoschke NM, Northcross AL (2004). Atmospheric organic aerosol production by heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactions. ChemPhysChem 5, 1646–1661.
| Atmospheric organic aerosol production by heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jathar SH, Mahmud A, Barsanti KC, Asher WE, Pankow JF, Kleeman MJ (2016). Water uptake by organic aerosol and its influence on gas/particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 129, 142–154.
| Water uptake by organic aerosol and its influence on gas/particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol in the United StatesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jing B, Wang Z, Tan F, Guo Y, Tong S, Wang W, Zhang Y, Ge M (2018). Hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric aerosols containing nitrate salts and water-soluble organic acids. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, 5115–5127.
| Hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric aerosols containing nitrate salts and water-soluble organic acidsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kristensen K, Bilde M, Aalto PP, Petäjä T, Glasius M (2016). Denuder/filter sampling of organic acids and organosulfates at urban and boreal forest sites: Gas/particle distribution and possible sampling artifacts. Atmospheric Environment 130, 36–53.
| Denuder/filter sampling of organic acids and organosulfates at urban and boreal forest sites: Gas/particle distribution and possible sampling artifactsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lin F-Y, MacKerell AD (2017). Do halogen–hydrogen bond donor interactions dominate the favorable contribution of halogens to ligand–protein binding?. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 121, 6813–6821.
| Do halogen–hydrogen bond donor interactions dominate the favorable contribution of halogens to ligand–protein binding?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28657759PubMed |
Liu Y, Zhou X, Wang D, Song C, Liu J (2015). A prediction model of VOC partition coefficient in porous building materials based on adsorption potential theory. Building and Environment 93, 221–233.
| A prediction model of VOC partition coefficient in porous building materials based on adsorption potential theoryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lohmann R, Lammel G (2004). Adsorptive and absorptive contributions to the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: State of knowledge and recommended parametrization for modeling. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 3793–3803.
| Adsorptive and absorptive contributions to the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: State of knowledge and recommended parametrization for modelingCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matsumoto K, Matsumoto K, Mizuno R, Igawa M (2010). Volatile organic compounds in ambient aerosols. Atmospheric Research 97, 124–128.
| Volatile organic compounds in ambient aerosolsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald BC, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Jathar SH, Akherati A, Cappa CD, Jimenez JL, Lee-Taylor J, Hayes PL, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Kim S-W, Gentner DR, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Goldstein AH, Harley RA, Frost GJ, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Trainer M (2018). Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions. Science 359, 760–764.
| Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissionsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29449485PubMed |
Odabasi M, Ongan O, Cetin E (2005). Quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environment 39, 3763–3770.
| Quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric particlesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pankow JF (1987). Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 21, 2275–2283.
| Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphereCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pankow JF (1994a). An absorption model of the gas/aerosol partitioning involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Atmospheric Environment 28, 189–193.
| An absorption model of the gas/aerosol partitioning involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosolCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pankow JF (1994b). An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 28, 185–188.
| An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphereCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pankow JF (1998). Further discussion of the octanol/air partition coefficient Koa as a correlating parameter for gas/particle partitioning coefficients. Atmospheric Environment 32, 1493–1497.
| Further discussion of the octanol/air partition coefficient Koa as a correlating parameter for gas/particle partitioning coefficientsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pankow JF, Bidleman TF (1991). Effects of temperature, TSP and per cent non-exchangeable material in determining the gas–particle partitioning of organic compounds. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 25, 2241–2249.
| Effects of temperature, TSP and per cent non-exchangeable material in determining the gas–particle partitioning of organic compoundsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pöschl U (2005). Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44, 7520–7540.
| Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effectsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16302183PubMed |
Rao G, Vejerano EP (2018). Partitioning of volatile organic compounds to aerosols: A review. Chemosphere 212, 282–296.
| Partitioning of volatile organic compounds to aerosols: A reviewCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30145420PubMed |
Salthammer T (2016). Very volatile organic compounds: an understudied class of indoor air pollutants. Indoor Air 26, 25–38.
| Very volatile organic compounds: an understudied class of indoor air pollutantsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25471461PubMed |
Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (2016). ‘Environmental organic chemistry.’ (John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ)
Seitz HK, Stickel F (2010). Acetaldehyde as an underestimated risk factor for cancer development: role of genetics in ethanol metabolism. Genes & Nutrition 5, 121–128.
| Acetaldehyde as an underestimated risk factor for cancer development: role of genetics in ethanol metabolismCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shiraiwa M, Seinfeld JH (2012). Equilibration timescale of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol partitioning. Geophysical Research Letters 39, L24801
| Equilibration timescale of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol partitioningCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Song M, Marcolli C, Krieger UK, Zuend A, Peter T (2012). Liquid–liquid phase separation and morphology of internally mixed dicarboxylic acids/ammonium sulfate/water particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, 2691–2712.
| Liquid–liquid phase separation and morphology of internally mixed dicarboxylic acids/ammonium sulfate/water particlesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
St Helen G, Jacob P, Peng M, Dempsey DA, Hammond SK, Benowitz NL (2014). Intake of toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds from secondhand smoke in motor vehicles. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 23, 2774–2782.
| Intake of toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds from secondhand smoke in motor vehiclesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Svenningsson B, Rissler J, Swietlicki E, Mircea M, Bilde M, Facchini MC, Decesari S, Fuzzi S, Zhou J, Mønster J, Rosenørn T (2006). Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 1937–1952.
| Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevanceCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taheri P, Hauffman T, Mol JMC, Flores JR, Hannour F, de Wit JHW, Terryn H. (2011). Molecular interactions of electroadsorbed carboxylic acid and succinic anhydride monomers on zinc surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, 17054–17067.
| Molecular interactions of electroadsorbed carboxylic acid and succinic anhydride monomers on zinc surfacesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thevenet F, Debono O, Rizk M, Caron F, Verriele M, Locoge N (2018). VOC uptakes on gypsum boards: Sorption performances and impact on indoor air quality. Building and Environment 137, 138–146.
| VOC uptakes on gypsum boards: Sorption performances and impact on indoor air qualityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
US EPA (2014a). Volatile organic compounds’ impact on indoor air quality. Available at https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality [verified 9 January 2018]
US EPA (2014b). Technical overview of volatile organic compounds. Available at https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds [verified 1 August 2017]
Vijayaraghavan K, DenBleyker A, Ma L, Lindhjem C, Yarwood G (2014). Trends in on-road vehicle emissions and ambient air quality in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, from the late 1990s through 2009. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 64, 808–816.
| Trends in on-road vehicle emissions and ambient air quality in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, from the late 1990s through 2009Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Volkamer R, Martini FS, Molina LT, Salcedo D, Jimenez JL, Molina MJ (2007). A missing sink for gas-phase glyoxal in Mexico City: Formation of secondary organic aerosol. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L19807
| A missing sink for gas-phase glyoxal in Mexico City: Formation of secondary organic aerosolCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang Z, Xie Z, Möller A, Mi W, Wolschke H, Ebinghaus R (2014). Atmospheric concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in northern German coast. Atmospheric Environment 95, 207–213.
| Atmospheric concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in northern German coastCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wex H, Ziese M, Kiselev A, Henning S, Stratmann F (2007). Deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of succinic acid particles measured with LACIS. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L17810
| Deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of succinic acid particles measured with LACISCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhu Q, Zheng M, Liu G, Zhang X, Dong S, Gao L, Liang Y (2017). Particle size distribution and gas–particle partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere in Beijing, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 24, 1389–1396.
| Particle size distribution and gas–particle partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere in Beijing, ChinaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27783242PubMed |
