Theoretical insight into the role of urea in the hydrolysis reaction of NO2 as a source of HONO and aerosols
Shuang Lv A , Feng-Yang Bai A , Xiu-Mei Pan
A B and Liang Zhao A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National and Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024 Changchun, China.
B Corresponding author. Email: panxm460@nenu.edu.cn
Environmental Chemistry 15(6) 372-385 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN18083
Submitted: 17 April 2018 Accepted: 17 July 2018 Published: 12 September 2018
Environmental context. Urea is an important component of dissolved organic nitrogen in rainfall and aerosols, but the sources and the mechanisms of its production are not well understood. This computational study explores the effects of urea and water on the hydrolysis of NO2 and urea nitrate production. The results will aid our interpretation of the role of urea in the formation of atmospheric secondary nitrogen contaminants and aerosols.
Abstract. The effects of urea on the hydrolysis reaction 2NO2 + mH2O (m = 1–3) have been investigated by theoretical calculations. The energy barrier (−2.67 kcal mol−1) of the urea-promoted reaction is lower than the naked reaction by 14.37 kcal mol−1. Urea also has a better catalytic effect on the reaction than methylamine and ammonia. Urea acts as a catalyst and proton transfer medium in this process, and the produced HONO may serve as a source of atmospheric nitrous acid. In addition, the subsequent reactions include clusters of nitrite, urea, and nitric acid. Then urea nitrate (UN), which is a typical HNO3 aerosol, can be formed in the subsequent reactions. The production of the acid-base complex (UN-2) is more favourable with an energy barrier of 0.10 kcal mol−1, which is 3.88 kcal mol−1 lower than that of the zwitterions NH2CONH3+NO3− (UN-1). The formation of zwitterions and the hydrolysis reaction are affected by humidity. The multi water-promoted hydrolysis reactions exhibit better thermodynamic stability when the humidity is increased. The extra water molecules act as solvent molecules to reduce the energy barrier. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is employed to describe the donor-acceptor interactions of the complexes. The hydrogen bond interaction between the urea carbonyl and nitric acid of UN-2 is the strongest. The potential distribution maps of the urea nitrate and hydrate are examined, and the result shows that they tend to form zwitterions.
Additional keywords : acid–base complex, reaction mechanism, urea nitrate, zwitterions.
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