Humic acid complexation to Zn and Cd determined with the new electroanalytical technique AGNES

Encarnació Companys; Jaume Puy; Josep Galceran

doi:10.1071/EN07051

RESEARCH ARTICLE

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Humic acid complexation to Zn and Cd determined with the new electroanalytical technique AGNES

Encarnació Companys ^A , Jaume Puy ^A and Josep Galceran ^A ^B

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain.

^B Corresponding author. Email: galceran@quimica.udl.cat

Environmental Chemistry 4(5) 347-354 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN07051
Submitted: 27 July 2007 Accepted: 3 September 2007 Published: 2 November 2007

Environmental context. Humic substances are complex mixtures that play an important role in trace metal bioavailability in soils and aquatic environments. The bioavailability of a metal depends on what chemical forms, or species, it is in. We need to know how much of the metal is present as a free metal ion in solution, and how much is bound up in complexes with humic acids, for example. This work reports the complexation of Cd and Zn to humic acids by means of a simple and robust technique, AGNES (absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping).

Abstract. AGNES (absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping), an emerging electroanalytical technique specifically designed for the determination of the free concentration of heavy metals in aqueous solutions, is here implemented to characterise the binding of Cd^II and Zn^II to a soil humic acid. A set of metal titration experiments were performed by adding Cd or Zn to a purified humic acid (Aldrich) at pH 4, 5, 6 and 7 and measuring the free metal concentration by AGNES. The application of a program with two potential steps along the deposition stage allows for the reduction of the deposition time in the humic titration. The polyelectrolytic effects of the macromolecular ligand were taken into account through the Donnan model. Data free of electrostatic effects were reasonably described by the NICA isotherm, which accounts for heterogeneity, considering just a monomodal distribution (because of the range of pH covered). The obtained affinity parameters indicate a similar strength for Zn and Cd binding to the purified humic acid.

Additional keywords: AGNES, bioavailability, humic acids, metal binding, speciation.

Acknowledgements

Experiments were conducted with the help of Silvia Cerdán and Anna Sedó, whose contribution is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank the support of this research by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Projects CTQ2006-14385 and CTM2006-13583) and from the ‘Comissionat d’Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya’.

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Accessory materials

Details on the practical implementation of the NICA–Donnan model and on the proton titration of PAHA are available from the authors (http://web.udl.es/usuaris/q4088428/Publications/Publicacions.html), from the corresponding author or from Environmental Chemistry.