Amplification characteristics at Iedang Reservoir dam sites determined using H/V spectral ratio with background noise, S-wave and coda wave energy
Jun Kyoung Kim 1 Soung Hoon Wee 2 4 Seong Hwa Yoo 2 Kwang Hee Kim 31 Department of Fire and Disaster Prevention, Semyung University, 65 Semyeong-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 27136, Korea.
2 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahang-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34132, Korea.
3 Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Kumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea.
4 Corresponding author. Email: shwee@kigam.re.kr
Exploration Geophysics 49(6) 803-811 https://doi.org/10.1071/EG17014
Submitted: 19 January 2017 Accepted: 1 November 2017 Published: 22 December 2017
Abstract
Seismograms are mainly composed of three key factors: seismic source, path effects and site amplification characteristics. Among these, amplification characteristics are critical in evaluating the reliability of not only seismic design for engineering but also seismic source and crustal attenuation characteristics for seismology. In this study, the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) ratio seismogram method was applied. The calculation of the H/V spectral ratio in the frequency domain was first proposed by Y. Nakamura in 1989, and has recently been extended to evaluate site amplification using S-waves, coda waves and background noise. In this study, H/V spectral ratios were analysed using six earthquake seismograms (from earthquakes near Boryeong in Chungnam Province and Baekyeong Island) observed at four temporary dam sites (IDS, IDU, IDD and IDF) near Iedang Reservoir, Korea. We simultaneously compared amplification characteristics, using the S-wave, coda wave and background noise of each seismogram. The simultaneous comparison of S-waves and coda waves (excluding background noise) at the four dam sites showed well-developed consistency in site amplification characteristics. Each site showed different low- and high-frequency characteristics and had its own unique resonance frequency (IDS: ~11 Hz, IDU: ~4 Hz, IDD: ~7 Hz), except for the IDF site, which is situated in hard bedrock. In addition, the IDD site showed first- and second-order site resonance frequency harmonics. We hope that by comparing our results with those from studies using other methods, we are able to add new information to future studies of dynamic behaviour and site classification in Korea.
Key words: background noise, coda waves, H/V spectral ratio, higher-order harmonics, resonance frequency, S-waves, site amplification.
References
Atkinson, G. M., and Cassidy, J. F., 2000, Integrated use of seismograph and strong-motion data to determine soil amplification: response of the Fraser River Delta to the Duvall and Georgia Strait earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90, 1028–1040| Integrated use of seismograph and strong-motion data to determine soil amplification: response of the Fraser River Delta to the Duvall and Georgia Strait earthquakes:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bonilla, L. F., Steidl, J. H., Lindley, G. T., Tumarkin, A. G., and Archuleta, R. J., 1997, Site amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California: variability of site-effect estimation using the S-wave, Coda, and H/V methods: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87, 710–730
Boore, D. M., 2003, Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method: Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160, 635–676
| Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borchert, R., 1970, Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 60, 9–61
Building Seismic Safety Council, 1997, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures, FEMA 302/303, Part 1 (Provisions) and Part 2.
Cassidy, J. F., and Rogers, G. C., 1999, Seismic site response in the greater Vancouver, British Columbia area: spectral rations from moderate earthquakes: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36, 195–209
| Seismic site response in the greater Vancouver, British Columbia area: spectral rations from moderate earthquakes:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Castro, R. R., Mucciarelli, M., Pecor, F., and Petrungaro, C., 1997, S-wave site-response estimates using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87, 256–260
Hartzell, S., Cranswick, E., Frankel, D., and Meremonte, M., 1997, Variability of site response in the Los Angeles urban area: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87, 1377–1400
Harutoonian, P., Leo, C. J., Tokeshi, K., Doanh, T., Castellaro, S., Zou, J. J., and Liyanapathirana, D. S., 2013, Investigation of dynamically compacted ground by HVSR-based approach: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 46, 20–29
| Investigation of dynamically compacted ground by HVSR-based approach:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hwang, J. H., Jin, M. S., Jun, M. S., Cho, J. D., Lee, S., Koo, S. B., Choi, P. Y., Lee, Y. S., Kim, B. C., Kim, J. W., Kee, W. S., Kang, P. C., Song, K. Y., Kim, J. H., Lee, S. R., and Chang, T. W., 2001, Tectonic map of Korea 1 : 1,000,000: Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources.
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), 1997, Uniform building code, Volume 2: Structural engineering design provisions: International Code Council.
Kawase, H., Matsushima, S., Satoh, T., and Sánchez-Sesma, F. J., 2015, Applicability of theoretical horizontal-to-vertical ratio of microtremors based on the diffuse field concept to previously observed data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105, 3092–3103
| Applicability of theoretical horizontal-to-vertical ratio of microtremors based on the diffuse field concept to previously observed data:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kim, J. K., 2012, Dynamic amplification characteristics of major domestic seismic observation sites using ground motions from domestic macro earthquakes: Journal of Engineering Geology, 22, 399–408
| Dynamic amplification characteristics of major domestic seismic observation sites using ground motions from domestic macro earthquakes:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kim, J. K., Oh, T. S., Yoo, S. H., and Wee, S. H., 2017, Amplification characteristics of seismic observation sites from S-wave energy, coda waves and background noise from the Fukuoka earthquake series: Exploration Geophysics, 48, 264–271
| Amplification characteristics of seismic observation sites from S-wave energy, coda waves and background noise from the Fukuoka earthquake series:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lermo, J., and Francisco, J. C., 1993, Site effect evaluation using spectral ratios with only one station: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 83, 1574–1594
Lontsi, A. M., Sánchez-Sesma, F. J., Molina-Villegas, J. C., Ohrnberger, M., and Krüger, F., 2015, Full microtremor H/V(z, f) inversion for shallow subsurface characterization: Geophysical Journal International, 202, 298–312
| Full microtremor H/V(z, f) inversion for shallow subsurface characterization:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matsushima, S., Hirokawa, T., Martin, F. D., and Sánchez-Sesma, F. J., 2014, The effect of lateral heterogeneity on horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of microtremors inferred from observation and synthetics: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 104, 381–393
| The effect of lateral heterogeneity on horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of microtremors inferred from observation and synthetics:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nakamura, Y., 1989, A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface: Railway Technical Research Institute, Quarterly Reports, 30, 25–33
Ohmachi, T., Nakamura, Y., and Toshinawa, T., 1991, Ground motion characteristics in the San Francisco Bay area detected by microtremor measurements: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St Louis, Missouri, 1643–1648.
Parolai, S., Bormann, P., and Milkereit, C., 2002, New relationships between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for the Cologne Area (Germany): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 2521–2527
| New relationships between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for the Cologne Area (Germany):Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phillips, S. C., and Aki, K., 1986, Site amplification of coda waves from local earthquakes in central California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 76, 627–648
Rogers, A. M., Borcherdt, R. D., Covington, P. A., and Perkins, D. M., 1984, A comparative ground response study near Los Angeles using recordings of Nevada nuclear tests and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 74, 1925–1949
Seed, H. B., Romo, M. P., Sun, J. I., Jaime, A, and Lysmer, J, 1988, The Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985 — relationships between soil conditions and earthquake ground motions: Earthquake Spectra, 4, 687–729
| The Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985 — relationships between soil conditions and earthquake ground motions:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seriff, R. E., 1991, Encyclopedic dictionary of exploration geophysics: Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Su, F., Anderson, J. G., Brune, J. N., and Zeng, Y., 1996, A comparison of direct S-wave and coda-wave site amplification determined from aftershocks of the Little Skull Mountain earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86, 1006–1018
Sun, C. G., Chung, C. K., Kim, D. S., and Kim, J. K., 2007, Evaluation of site-specific seismic response characteristics at town fortress areas damaged by historical earthquakes: The Journal of Engineering Geology, 17, 1–13
Tucker, B. D., and King, J. L., 1984, Dependence of sediment-filled valley response on input amplitude and valley properties: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 74, 153–165
Vanmarcke, E. H., and Gasparini, D. A., 1976, SIMQKE: simulated earthquake motions compatible with prescribed response spectra: Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Yoon, J. K., Kim, D. S., and Bang, E. S., 2006, Development of site classification system and modification of design response spectra considering geotechnical site characteristics in Korea (III) – modification of design response spectra: Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, 10, 63–71
| Development of site classification system and modification of design response spectra considering geotechnical site characteristics in Korea (III) – modification of design response spectra:Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |