Legume persistence for grasslands in tableland environments of south-eastern Australia
Richard C. Hayes
A * , Matthew T. Newell B , Guangdi D. Li A , Rebecca E. Haling C , Carol A. Harris D , Richard A. Culvenor C , Warwick B. Badgery E , Neil Munday E , Andrew Price A , Rebecca S. Stutz C and Richard J. Simpson C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
B NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia.
C CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
D NSW Department of Primary Industries, Glen Innes, NSW 2370, Australia.
E NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
Crop & Pasture Science - https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22277
Submitted: 8 August 2022 Accepted: 21 December 2022 Published online: 2 March 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: Improving the stability of legumes in grasslands in the face of variable seasonal conditions is key to mitigating risks posed by drought.
Aims: We assessed the persistence of a range of legume species and cultivars in order to inform legume choice for pasture improvement and identify priority species for further development.
Methods: Twenty field experiments in four series were conducted at sites with contrasting seasonal and soil characteristics in the ‘high-rainfall’ (560–920 mm long-term average) Tablelands and Monaro regions of New South Wales, Australia. Legumes were grown as pure swards and assessed periodically for seedling density, plant frequency and dry matter for up to 5 years.
Key results: Legume dry matter production was positively correlated with plant frequency. However, most legumes persisted poorly at most sites, particularly on soils of lower fertility. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cv. Goulburn was the best performing cultivar of that species across sites on the Southern Tablelands and Monaro. Yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) cvv. Avila and Yellotas showed promising persistence, particularly under drought conditions. White clover (T. repens) was the most broadly adapted of the perennial legumes across a range of soils, but persistence was still inadequate at many sites. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was approximately twice as productive as the next-most productive species when soil conditions suited its growth, but it failed to persist on acidic, low-fertility soils.
Conclusions: Serradella species (yellow and French, O. sativus) and white clover, in conjunction with subterranean clover, offer the best near-term prospects for diversifying legume productivity and resilience under variable seasonal conditions in tableland environments.
Implications: An increased focus on phenology and seed characteristics is suggested to improve the persistence of annual and facultative perennial legume species in grasslands. Serradella and white clover are identified as the highest priorities for cultivar development for tableland environments of south-eastern Australia.
Keywords: legume species, lucerne, pasture evaluation, pasture legumes, seed hardseededness, serradella, soil fertility, subterranean clover, white clover.
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