Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems
M. B. Peoples A G H , J. Brockwell A , J. R. Hunt A , A. D. Swan A G , L. Watson A , R. C. Hayes B G , G. D. Li B G , B. Hackney C , J. G. Nuttall D , S. L. Davies E and I. R. P. Fillery F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture National Research Flagship, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
B EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
C New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 1386, Research Station Drive, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia.
D Department of Primary Industries, PB 260, Horsham, Vic. 3401, Australia.
E Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, PO Box 110, Geraldton, WA 6530, Australia.
F CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture National Research Flagship, CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
G Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
H Corresponding author. Email: mark.peoples@csiro.au
Crop and Pasture Science 63(9) 759-786 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP12123
Submitted: 30 March 2012 Accepted: 2 October 2012 Published: 10 December 2012
Abstract
The amounts of foliage nitrogen (N) fixed by various annual and perennial legumes growing in Australian pastures range from <10 to >250 kg N/ha.year. Differences in N2 fixation result from variations in the proportion of the legume-N derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) and/or the amount of legume-N accumulated during growth. On-farm surveys of %Ndfa achieved by legumes growing in farmers’ paddocks in Australia indicated that N2 fixation contributed >65% of the legume’s N requirements in three-quarters of the annual legumes examined, but this decreased to two-thirds of lucerne (Medicago sativa; also known as alfalfa), and half of white clover (Trifolium repens) samples. Factors such as low numbers or the poor effectiveness of rhizobial strains in the soil, water stress, high soil concentrations of N, and nutrient disorders contribute to poor nodulation and %Ndfa values <65%, but there is also evidence that the observed %Ndfa can be dependent on the legume species present, and whether the legume is grown in a pure stand or in a mixed sward. The accumulation of legume-N relates primarily to the legume content and net productivity of the pasture. For many legume species, ~20 kg of shoot-N is fixed on average for every tonne of herbage dry matter produced. Legume productivity can be influenced by (i) sowing and establishment techniques and other strategies that enhance the legume content in pasture swards; (ii) the amelioration of soil constraints; (iii) the use of new legume species (and host–rhizobial strain combinations) that are more tolerant of hostile soil environments than subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) or annual medics (Medicago spp); and (iv) the inclusion of perennials such as lucerne to offset the year-to-year variability in productivity and N2 fixation that is a common occurrence with annual legumes.
Additional keywords: inoculation, nodules, nutrition, pasture composition, rhizobia, soil constraints.
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