Water use dynamics of dryland wheat grown under elevated CO2 with supplemental nitrogen

Shihab Uddin; Shahnaj Parvin; Roger Armstrong; Glenn J. Fitzgerald; Markus Löw; Alireza Houshmandfar; Ehsan Tavakkoli; Sabine Tausz-Posch; Garry J. O’Leary; Michael Tausz

doi:10.1071/CP22344

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

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Water use dynamics of dryland wheat grown under elevated CO₂ with supplemental nitrogen

Shihab Uddin

^A ^B ^* , Shahnaj Parvin ^C , Roger Armstrong

^D ^E , Glenn J. Fitzgerald ^D ^F , Markus Löw ^G , Alireza Houshmandfar ^H , Ehsan Tavakkoli ^B , Sabine Tausz-Posch ^I , Garry J. O’Leary ^D ^F and Michael Tausz ^I

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia.

^B NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.

^C Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.

^D Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, Horsham, Vic. 3400, Australia.

^E Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia.

^F Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.

^G School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Burnley, Vic. 3010, Australia.

^H Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.

^I Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Dookie, Vic. 3647, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: shihab.uddin@dpi.nsw.gov.au

Handling Editor: Shu Fukai

Crop & Pasture Science 75, CP22344 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22344

Submitted: 20 October 2022 Accepted: 22 July 2023 Published: 14 August 2023

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context

Elevated atmospheric CO₂ (e[CO₂]) and nitrogen (N) fertilisation stimulate biomass and yield of crops. However, their interactions depend on crop growth stages and may affect water use dynamics.

Aims and methods

This study investigated the interactive effects of two N rates, 0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹, and two CO₂ concentrations, ambient (a[CO₂], ~400 μmol mol⁻¹) and e[CO₂] (~550 μmol mol⁻¹), on biomass, yield and water use of two wheat cultivars, Wyalkatchem (N-use efficient) and Yitpi (local), using a free air CO₂ enrichment facility.

Key results

Elevated [CO₂] stimulated leaf area (10%, P = 0.003) and aboveground biomass (11%, P = 0.03). In addition, e[CO₂] reduced stomatal conductance (25%, P < 0.001) and increased net assimilation rates (12%, P < 0.001), resulting in greater (40%, P < 0.001) intrinsic water use efficiency. During early growth stages, e[CO₂] resulted in higher water use than a[CO₂]; however, this difference disappeared later in the season, resulting in similar cumulative water use under both CO₂ concentrations. Supplemental N stimulated grain yield of Yitpi by 14% while decreasing that of Wyalkatchem by 7% (N × cultivar, P = 0.063). With supplemental N, Yitpi maintained greater post-anthesis leaf N, chlorophyll content, canopy cover and net assimilation rate than Wyalkatchem.

Conclusions

During early growth stages, the e[CO₂]-induced stimulation of leaf-level water use efficiency was offset by greater biomass, resulting in higher water use. By the end of the season, similar cumulative water use under both CO₂ concentrations indicates the dominating effect of the prevailing seasonal conditions in the study area. Observed yield responses of the studied cultivars to supplemental N were associated with their ability to maintain post-anthesis photosynthetic capabilities.

Implications

Our findings suggest that N-use efficiency traits and responsiveness need to be considered independently to optimise benefits from the ‘CO₂ fertilisation effect’ through breeding.

Keywords: AGFACE, climate change, dryland agriculture, FACE, leaf gas exchange, N-use efficiency, root length, water use.

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