Environmental factors affect seed germination and seedling emergence of invasive Centaurea balsamita
Iraj Nosratti A C , Samira Soltanabadi A , Saeid J. Honarmand A and Bhagirath S. Chauhan B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
B The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: Irajnosratti@gmail.com
Crop and Pasture Science 68(6) 583-589 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP17183
Submitted: 14 May 2017 Accepted: 9 July 2017 Published: 26 July 2017
Abstract
Centaurea balsamita is a problematic and invasive weed of agricultural fields in western Iran. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different environmental factors on germination and seedling emergence of this weed species. Results revealed that seed germination occurred over a wide range of temperatures (from 5°C to 35°C) with the highest germination at 25°C. Seed germination of C. balsamita was similar between light and dark conditions. Germination decreased with increased in water stress levels, but some seeds were capable of germinating at –1.4 MPa osmotic potential. Seed germination was sensitive to salt stress and complete inhibition occurred at 150 mM sodium chloride. Seed germination of C. balsamita occurred over a pH range of 4–10 with lowest seed germination at pH 4. Seed germination was inhibited by increasing concentrations of potassium nitrate. No seedlings emerged when seeds were buried in the soil at depths greater than 6 cm, suggesting that using a sweep cultivator in crops and deep tillage would be beneficial in managing C. balsamita. The ability of C. balsamita to germinate under a wide range of temperature regimes and high levels of osmotic potential shows that this weed is well adapted to invade other cropping regions, especially rain-fed fields in western Iran.
Additional keywords: burial depth, light, osmotic potential, pH, temperature.
References
Abbasian A, Asadi G, Gorbani R (2016) Evaluation of Invasive plant Centaurea balsamita cold acclimated in the spring to chilling and freezing stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 15, 250–263.Assadi M, Ramak Maassoumi AA, Khatamsaz M (1989) ‘Flora of Iran.’ (Ministry of Agriculture: Islamic Republic of Iran: Tehran)
Bancheva S, Greilhuber J (2006) Genome size in Bulgarian Centaurea s.l. (Asteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 257, 95–117.
| Genome size in Bulgarian Centaurea s.l. (Asteraceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVajsbc%3D&md5=6f1d5a688253f8ada07c42010f8f8cc0CAS |
Baskin CC, Baskin JM (1998) ‘Germination ecology of seeds in the persistent seed bank. In ‘Seeds. Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination’. Ch. 7. (Eds CC Baskin, JM Baskin) pp. 133–179. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA)
Batlla D, Benech-Arnold RL (2014) Weed seed germination and the light environment: Implications for weed management. Weed Biology and Management 14, 77–87.
| Weed seed germination and the light environment: Implications for weed management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bourchier R, Mortensen K, Crowe M, Mason P, Huber J (2002) Centaurea diffusa Lamarck, diffuse knapweed, and Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, spotted knapweed (Asteraceae). In ‘Biological Control Programmes in Canada 1981–2000’. pp. 302–313. (CABI)
Chachalis D, Reddy KN (2000) Factors affecting Campsis radicans seed germination and seedling emergence. Weed Science 48, 212–216.
| Factors affecting Campsis radicans seed germination and seedling emergence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsFeqs7o%3D&md5=58f4607b0d4623a369a4725928f1e182CAS |
Chauhan BS, Johnson DE (2009) Germination, emergence, and dormancy of Mimosa pudica. Weed Biology and Management 9, 38–45.
| Germination, emergence, and dormancy of Mimosa pudica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chauhan BS, Gill G, Preston C (2006) Factors affecting seed germination of threehorn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum) in Australia. Weed Science 54, 471–477.
| Factors affecting seed germination of threehorn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum) in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xmt1aqurg%3D&md5=bb66b1ced418182ad6ce85c8120311b9CAS |
Chen GQ, Guo SL, Huang QS (2009) Invasiveness evaluation of fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides) based on its seed germination features. Weed Biology and Management 9, 123–128.
| Invasiveness evaluation of fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides) based on its seed germination features.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DiTomaso JM (2000) Invasive weeds in rangelands: Species, impacts, and management. Weed Science 48, 255–265.
| Invasive weeds in rangelands: Species, impacts, and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsFeqsL4%3D&md5=7813dff8e8540b68f9f9d046b3fa7bfbCAS |
Ebrahimi E, Eslami SV (2012) Effect of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of invasive Ceratocarpus arenarius. Weed Research 52, 50–59.
| Effect of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of invasive Ceratocarpus arenarius.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Emadodin I, Narita D, Bork HR (2012) Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: an overview from Iran. Environment, Development and Sustainability 14, 611–625.
| Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: an overview from Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Erman M, Tepe I, Buuml B, Yergin R, Taşkesen M (2008) Critical period of weed control in winter lentil under non-irrigated conditions in Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3, 523–530.
Eslami S (2011) Comparative germination and emergence ecology of two populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) from Iran and Denmark. Weed Science 59, 90–97.
| Comparative germination and emergence ecology of two populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) from Iran and Denmark.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsF2qt7g%3D&md5=71c6aef3c0963b535694536a4ca6c141CAS |
Fawcett RS, Slife FW (1978) Effects of field applications of nitrate on weed seed germination and dormancy. Weed Science 26, 594–596.
Finch-Savage WE, Leubner-Metzger G (2006) Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist 171, 501–523.
| Seed dormancy and the control of germination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsVertbw%3D&md5=49834cb1072b15c0df156638ff44d6d3CAS |
Golmohammadzadeh S, Zaefarian F, Rezvani M (2015) Effects of some chemical factors, prechilling treatments and interactions on the seed dormancy-breaking of two Papaver species. Weed Biology and Management 15, 11–19.
| Effects of some chemical factors, prechilling treatments and interactions on the seed dormancy-breaking of two Papaver species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXotlCgt74%3D&md5=064627e848f52b9bb2342d2b5415f5f7CAS |
Guillemin J-P, Chauvel B (2011) Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Weed Biology and Management 11, 217–223.
| Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Honarmand SJ, Nosratti I, Nazari K, Heidari H (2016) Factors affecting the seed germination and seedling emergence of muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum). Weed Biology and Management 16, 186–193.
| Factors affecting the seed germination and seedling emergence of muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXit1GltQ%3D%3D&md5=447b9b8fc2ae56be7606c7a4fca712d3CAS |
Jalali M (2005) Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan, western Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 110, 210–218.
| Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan, western Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslChtr0%3D&md5=6eb2c851f35e5e150cd5e55ed45efd88CAS |
Jalali M (2011) Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Toyserkan, western Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 62, 907–913.
| Nitrate pollution of groundwater in Toyserkan, western Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhvVCmurk%3D&md5=f9d9dd10249aa358052e0af79f609a65CAS |
Javaid MM, Tanveer A (2014) Germination ecology of Emex spinosa and Emex australis, invasive weeds of winter crops. Weed Research 54, 565–575.
| Germination ecology of Emex spinosa and Emex australis, invasive weeds of winter crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jensen PK (1995) Effect of light environment during soil disturbance on germination and emergence pattern of weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 127, 561–571.
| Effect of light environment during soil disturbance on germination and emergence pattern of weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
KMO (2016) Kermanshah Meteorological Organization. Meteorological data. 2016. Available at: www.kermanshahmet.ir (accessed 22 October 2016).
Koger CH, Reddy KN, Poston DH (2004) Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris). Weed Science 52, 989–995.
| Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVWks7zE&md5=830e2a90099e8c7a11b7ee63ff18d121CAS |
Koutsovoulou K, Daws MI, Thanos CA (2014) Campanulaceae: a family with small seeds that require light for germination. Annals of Botany 113, 135–143.
| Campanulaceae: a family with small seeds that require light for germination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1Kjtw%3D%3D&md5=204fdbe6dd876969f265aa177a1c66dfCAS |
Mahmood AH, Florentine SK, Chauhan BS, McLaren DA, Palmer GC, Wright W (2016) Influence of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of a noxious environmental weed: green galenia (Galenia pubescens). Weed Science 64, 486–494.
| Influence of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of a noxious environmental weed: green galenia (Galenia pubescens).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meyer SE, Allen PS (1999) Ecological genetics of seed germination regulation in Bromus tectorum L. II. Reaction norms in response to a water stress gradient imposed during seed maturation. Oecologia 120, 35–43.
| Ecological genetics of seed germination regulation in Bromus tectorum L. II. Reaction norms in response to a water stress gradient imposed during seed maturation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Michel B (1983) Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiology 72, 66–70.
| Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXktFyqtbw%3D&md5=947acc65ddb2ab757f9f99105e332052CAS |
Modarres R, de Paulo Rodrigues da Silva V (2007) Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Journal of Arid Environments 70, 344–355.
| Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nosratti I, Heidari H, Muhammadi G, Saeidi M (2016) Germination and emergence characteristics of annual ground cherry (Physalis divaricata). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 131–138.
Ridenour WM, Vivanco JM, Feng Y, Horiuchi J-I, Callaway RM (2008) No evidence for trade‐offs: Centaurea plants from America are better competitors and defenders. Ecological Monographs 78, 369–386.
| No evidence for trade‐offs: Centaurea plants from America are better competitors and defenders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanchulitaze S, Alimoradi L, Azizi E (2014) Effect of different levels of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth cornflower Centaurea balsamita. In ‘The First Congress of Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources’. Vol. 5. (Ed. M Tabatabai) pp. 7–9. (CIVILICA: Tehran, Iran)
Sharif-Zadeh F, Murdoch AJ (2000) The effects of different maturation conditions on seed dormancy and germination of Cenchrus ciliaris. Seed Science Research 10, 447–457.
| The effects of different maturation conditions on seed dormancy and germination of Cenchrus ciliaris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sheley RL, Jacobs JS, Carpinelli MF (1998) Distribution, biology, and management of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technology 12, 353–362.
Tavakkoli AR, Oweis TY (2004) The role of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen in producing bread wheat in the highlands of Iran. Agricultural Water Management 65, 225–236.
| The role of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen in producing bread wheat in the highlands of Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turkoglu N, Alp Ş, Cıg A (2009) Effect of temperature on germination biology ın Centaurea specıes. African Journal of Agricultural Research 4, 259–261.
Vilà M, Weiner J (2004) Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species? – evidence from pair‐wise experiments. Oikos 105, 229–238.
| Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species? – evidence from pair‐wise experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wagenitz G (1986) Centaurea in South-West Asia: patterns of distribution and diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 89, 11–21.
| Centaurea in South-West Asia: patterns of distribution and diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang J, Ferrell J, MacDonald G, Sellers B (2009) Factors affecting seed germination of cadillo (Urena lobata). Weed Science 57, 31–35.
| Factors affecting seed germination of cadillo (Urena lobata).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptF2ntw%3D%3D&md5=ccce77e0a5b80dfc1d8c3cc61fc7457cCAS |
Watson A, Renney A (1974) The biology of Canadian weeds: 6. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 54, 687–701.
| The biology of Canadian weeds: 6. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Westoby M (1981) How diversified seed germination behavior is selected. American Naturalist 118, 882–885.
| How diversified seed germination behavior is selected.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang Q-H, Ye W-H, Yin X-J (2007) Dormancy and germination of Areca triandra seeds. Scientia Horticulturae 113, 107–111.
| Dormancy and germination of Areca triandra seeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt1Sjs7w%3D&md5=1edf5edda75842977bdd92a726d32733CAS |
