Phenotypic, genotypic and nutritional divergence in cowpea and implications for drought tolerance breeding: a review
Bogaleng Milcah Masemola
A B , Abe Shegro Gerrano B C D , Maryke Labuschagne A , Adre Minnaar-Ontong A and Ntombokulunga W. Mbuma A B *
A Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
B Department of Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
C Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
D Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
Abstract
Genetic diversity is crucial for crop improvement in any breeding program. Cowpea is an important indigenous grain vegetable legume crop. The crop has a significant potential to improve food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and family income for resource poor famers. Cowpea is a source of proteins, vitamins (folate, thiamine and vitamin C), minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Ca) and amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan, hence, has a high potential for combating nutrient deficiencies. The SSA countries, including South Africa, have been experiencing many dry seasons, which have negatively affected agricultural production and productivity. Cowpea has a long taproot with the ability to grow in arid and semi-arid regions; however, lasting exposure to severe droughts will result in significant yield and grain quality reduction. There has been limited progress in drought tolerance research in cowpea due to the complexity of this trait, as it involves numerous genes, which in turn are affected by environmental conditions. It is therefore important to review research done on the nutritional, phenotypic and genotypic diversity of cowpea and the importance of diversity when breeding for complex quantitative traits such as drought tolerance and yield. The review will also outline the important omics tools used for drought tolerance breeding, cultivar development and as reference for future cowpea breeding.
Keywords: breeding, cowpea, crop improvement, drought, genetic diversity, legume, nutritional diversity, quantitative.
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