Effects of multi-growth stage water deficit and orthosilicic acid fertiliser on lodging resistance of rice cultivars
Solomon O. Olagunju A * , Muftau O. Atayese B , Olalekan S. Sakariyawo B and Enoch O. Dare CA Department of Crop Production, College of Agricultural Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B. 0012, Ayetoro Campus, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria.
B Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), P.M.B. 2240, Alabata, Ogun State, Nigeria.
C Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), P.M.B. 2240, Alabata, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Handling Editor: Caixian Tang
Crop & Pasture Science 73(4) 370-389 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21563
Submitted: 12 April 2021 Accepted: 19 November 2021 Published: 28 February 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Lodging and water deficit (WD) are both yield limiting factors for rice production in Africa. A number of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars with drought adaptive and high yielding ability have been released but the extent of their lodging susceptibility due to water deficit is unclear. Application of orthosilicic acid (OSA) fertiliser can reduce lodging due to water deficit. An experiment was therefore conducted involving six cultivars (NERICAs 1, 4, 6, 7, 8 and Moroberekan), subjected to five multi-growth stage WD treatments: non-stressed (Nst), 10-day stress at each of any two stages of vegetative (Veg), reproductive (Rep) and grain filling (Grain) stages viz (Veg10 + Rep10), (Veg10 + Grain10), (Rep10 + Grain10), and 7-day stress at each stage (Veg7 + Rep7 + Grain7) and with/without 500 mL ha−1 of OSA fertiliser. Lodging traits (LTs) such as lumen diameter, bending moment, panicle weight (PW) and grain yield (GY) were increased by OSA fertiliser. Under Veg7 + Rep7 + Grain7 stress, OSA fertiliser increased rice vigour through increases in internode length, lumen diameters and cross-section modulus by 7%, 18% and 18%, respectively, while under Veg10 + Rep10 stress, culm wall thickness was increased by 20%. Veg10 + Rep10 stress caused the most significant reduction in all LTs but with lowest lodging index (LI, 0.32) attributed to reduced PW and GY. Among the cultivars, Moroberekan combined higher GY with average LI (0.40) across the stress conditions while NERICA 1 had the lowest LI (0.34) attributed mainly to its short height. Although water deficit caused a reduction in lodging resistant traits, resistance to lodging under Veg10 + Rep10 and Veg7 + Rep7 + Grain7 stresses can be enhanced with OSA fertiliser.
Keywords: bending stress, grain yield, growth stages, lodging, NERICAs, silicon fertiliser, stem thickness, vegetative biomass.
References
Agarie S, Uchida H, Agata W, Kubota F, Kaufman PB (1998) Effects of silicon on transpiration and leaf conductance in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Production Science 1, 89–95.| Effects of silicon on transpiration and leaf conductance in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alam A, Hariyanto B, Ullah H, Salin KR, Datta A (2021) Effects of silicon on growth, yield and fruit quality of cantaloupe under drought stress. Silicon 13, 3153–3162.
| Effects of silicon on growth, yield and fruit quality of cantaloupe under drought stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anyaoha CO, Fofana M, Gracen VE, Tongoona PB, Blay ET, Semon M, Popoola B (2018) Yield potential of upland rice varieties under reproductive-stage drought and optimal water regimes in Nigeria. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, 378–385.
| Yield potential of upland rice varieties under reproductive-stage drought and optimal water regimes in Nigeria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Asch F, Dingkuhn M, Sow A, Audebert A (2005) Drought-induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioning between root and shoot in upland rice. Field Crops Research 93, 223–236.
| Drought-induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioning between root and shoot in upland rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Atayese MO, Olagunju SO, Sakariyawo OS, Oyekanmi AA, Babalola OA, Aderibigbe SG, Okonji CJ, Olayiwola MO, Soremi PAS, Okeleye KA (2012) Root response of some selected rice varieties to soil moisture stress at different phenological stages. Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 12, 96–113.
Bahuguna RN, Tamilselvan A, Muthurajan R, Solis CA, Jagadish SVK (2018) Mild preflowering drought priming improves stress defences, assimilation and sink strength in rice under severe terminal drought. Functional Plant Biology 45, 827–839.
| Mild preflowering drought priming improves stress defences, assimilation and sink strength in rice under severe terminal drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32291065PubMed |
Baker CJ, Berry PM, Spink JH, Sylvester-Bradley R, Griffin JM, Scott RK, Clare RW (1998) A method for the assessment of the risk of wheat lodging. Journal of Theoretical Biology 194, 587–603.
| A method for the assessment of the risk of wheat lodging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9790832PubMed |
Balakhnina T, Borkowska A (2013) Effects of silicon on plant resistance to environmental stresses: review. International Agrophysics 27, 225–232.
| Effects of silicon on plant resistance to environmental stresses: review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berry PM, Sterling MJH, Spink JH, Baker CJ, Sylvester-Bradley R, Mooney SJ, Tams AR, Ennos AR (2004) Understanding and reducing lodging in cereals. In ‘Advances in agronomy. Vol. 84’. pp. 217–271. (Ed. D. L. Sparkes) (Academic Press)
| Crossref |
Champoux MC, Wang G, Sarkarung S, Mackill DJ, O’Toole JC, Huang N, McCouch SR (1995) Locating genes associated with root morphology and drought avoidance in rice via linkage to molecular markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90, 969–981.
| Locating genes associated with root morphology and drought avoidance in rice via linkage to molecular markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24173051PubMed |
Crook MJ, Ennos AR (1994) Stem and root characteristics associated with lodging resistance in four winter wheat cultivars. The Journal of Agricultural Science 123, 167–174.
| Stem and root characteristics associated with lodging resistance in four winter wheat cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crusciol CAC, Soratto RP, Nascente AS, Arf O (2013) Root distribution, nutrient uptake, and yield of two upland rice cultivars under two water regimes. Agronomy Journal 105, 237–247.
| Root distribution, nutrient uptake, and yield of two upland rice cultivars under two water regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SMA (2009) Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29, 185–212.
| Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Foulkes MJ, Slafer GA, Davies WJ, Berry PM, Sylvester-Bradley R, Martre P, Calderini DF, Griffiths S, Reynolds MP (2011) Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 469–486.
| Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20952627PubMed |
Franco JA, Bañón S, Vicente MJ, Miralles J, Martínez-Sánchez JJ (2011) Root development in horticultural plants grown under abiotic stress conditions – a review. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 86, 543–556.
| Root development in horticultural plants grown under abiotic stress conditions – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frei M (2013) Lignin: characterization of a multifaceted crop component. The Scientific World Journal 2013, 436517
| Lignin: characterization of a multifaceted crop component.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24348159PubMed |
Gao X, Zou C, Wang L, Zhang F (2006) Silicon decreases transpiration rate and conductance from stomata of maize plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 29, 1637–1647.
| Silicon decreases transpiration rate and conductance from stomata of maize plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffith SM (2000) Changes in dry matter, carbohydrate and seed yield resulting from lodging in three temperate grass species. Annals of Botany 85, 675–680.
| Changes in dry matter, carbohydrate and seed yield resulting from lodging in three temperate grass species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hao P, Zhu J, Gu A, Lv D, Ge P, Chen G, Li X, Yan Y (2015) An integrative proteome analysis of different seedling organs in tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars under drought stress and recovery. Proteomics 15, 1544–1563.
| An integrative proteome analysis of different seedling organs in tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars under drought stress and recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25546360PubMed |
He C, Ma J, Wang L (2015) A hemicellulose-bound form of silicon with potential to improve the mechanical properties and regeneration of the cell wall of rice. New Phytologist 206, 1051–1062.
| A hemicellulose-bound form of silicon with potential to improve the mechanical properties and regeneration of the cell wall of rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Henry A (2013) IRRI’s drought stress research in rice with emphasis on roots: accomplishments over the last 50 years. Plant Root 7, 92–106.
| IRRI’s drought stress research in rice with emphasis on roots: accomplishments over the last 50 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ibrahim M, Erskine W, Hanti G, Fares A (1993) Lodging in lentil as affected by plant population, soil moisture and genotype. Experimental Agriculture 29, 201–206.
| Lodging in lentil as affected by plant population, soil moisture and genotype.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kamoshita A, Babu RC, Boopathi NM, Fukai S (2008) Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of drought-resistance traits for development of rice cultivars adapted to rainfed environments. Field Crops Research 109, 1–23.
| Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of drought-resistance traits for development of rice cultivars adapted to rainfed environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kosová K, Vítámvás P, Prášil IT, Renaut J (2011) Plant proteome changes under abiotic stress — contribution of proteomics studies to understanding plant stress response. Journal of Proteomics 74, 1301–1322.
| Plant proteome changes under abiotic stress — contribution of proteomics studies to understanding plant stress response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21329772PubMed |
Kowalska J, Tyburski J, Jakubowska M, Krzymińska J (2021) Effect of different forms of silicon on growth of spring wheat cultivated in organic farming system. Silicon 13, 211–217.
| Effect of different forms of silicon on growth of spring wheat cultivated in organic farming system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumar R, Sarawgi AK, Ramos C, Amarante ST, Ismail AM, Wade LJ (2006) Partitioning of dry matter during drought stress in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Research 96, 455–465.
| Partitioning of dry matter during drought stress in rainfed lowland rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumar S, Dwivedi SK, Basu S, Kumar G, Mishra JS, Koley TK, Rao KK, Choudhary AK, Mondal S, Kumar S, Bhakta N, Bhatt BP, Paul RK, Kumar A (2020) Anatomical, agro-morphological and physiological changes in rice under cumulative and stage specific drought conditions prevailed in eastern region of India. Field Crops Research 245, 107658
| Anatomical, agro-morphological and physiological changes in rice under cumulative and stage specific drought conditions prevailed in eastern region of India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laane H-M (2018) The effects of foliar sprays with different silicon compounds. Plants 7, 45
| The effects of foliar sprays with different silicon compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lilley JM, Ludlow MM, McCouch SR, O’Toole JC (1996) Locating QTL for osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany 47, 1427–1436.
| Locating QTL for osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance in rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liptay A, Sikkema P, Fonteno W (1998) Transplant growth control through water deficit stress—a review. HortTechnology 8, 540–543.
| Transplant growth control through water deficit stress—a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu P, Yin L, Deng X, Wang S, Tanaka K, Zhang S (2014) Aquaporin-mediated increase in root hydraulic conductance is involved in silicon-induced improved root water uptake under osmotic stress in Sorghum bicolor L. Journal of Experimental Botany 65, 4747–4756.
| Aquaporin-mediated increase in root hydraulic conductance is involved in silicon-induced improved root water uptake under osmotic stress in Sorghum bicolor L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24879770PubMed |
Luyckx M, Hausman J-F, Lutts S, Guerriero G (2017) Silicon and plants: current knowledge and technological perspectives. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 411
| Silicon and plants: current knowledge and technological perspectives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28386269PubMed |
Ma S-C, Duan A-W, Ma S-T, Yang S-J (2016) Effect of early-stage regulated deficit irrigation on stem lodging resistance, leaf photosynthesis, root respiration and yield stability of winter wheat under post-anthesis water stress conditions. Irrigation and Drainage 65, 673–681.
| Effect of early-stage regulated deficit irrigation on stem lodging resistance, leaf photosynthesis, root respiration and yield stability of winter wheat under post-anthesis water stress conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meena VD, Dotaniya ML, Coumar V, Rajendiran S Meena VD, Dotaniya ML, Coumar V, Rajendiran S (2014) A case for silicon fertilization to improve crop yields in tropical soils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 84, 505–518.
| A case for silicon fertilization to improve crop yields in tropical soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mohammadi M, Finnan J, Sterling M, Baker C (2020) A calibrated oat lodging model compared with agronomic measurements. Field Crops Research 255, 107784
| A calibrated oat lodging model compared with agronomic measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moura JCMS, Bonine CAV, De Oliveira Fernandes Viana J, Dornelas MC, Mazzafera P (2010) Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. Journal of Intergrative Plant Biology 52, 360–376.
| Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muhammad A, Hao H, Xue Y, Alam A, Bai S, Hu W, Sajid M, Hu Z, Samad RA, Li Z, Liu P, Gong Z, Wang L (2020) Survey of wheat straw stem characteristics for enhanced resistance to lodging. Cellulose 27, 2469–2484.
| Survey of wheat straw stem characteristics for enhanced resistance to lodging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nada RM, Abogadallah GM (2018) Root-favoured biomass allocation improves growth and yield of field-grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants only when the shoot sink is expandable. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 40, 123
| Root-favoured biomass allocation improves growth and yield of field-grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants only when the shoot sink is expandable.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nada RM, Abo-Hegazy SE, Budran EG, Abogadallah GM (2019) The interaction of genes controlling root traits is required for the developmental acquisition of deep and thick root traits and improving root architecture in response to low water or nitrogen content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 141, 122–132.
| The interaction of genes controlling root traits is required for the developmental acquisition of deep and thick root traits and improving root architecture in response to low water or nitrogen content in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31151078PubMed |
Nassir AL, Adewusi KM, Olagunju SO (2018) Soil moisture induced genotype-by-environment interaction for root volume of upland rice. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 63, 139–152.
| Soil moisture induced genotype-by-environment interaction for root volume of upland rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nazari Galedar M, Jafari A, Mohtasebi SS, Tabatabaeefar A, Sharifi A, O’Dogherty MJ, Rafiee S, Richard G (2008) Effects of moisture content and level in the crop on the engineering properties of alfalfa stems. Biosystems Engineering 101, 199–208.
| Effects of moisture content and level in the crop on the engineering properties of alfalfa stems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neeru J, Shaliesh C, Vaishali T, Purav S, Manoherlal R (2019) Role of orthosilicic acid (OSA) based formulation in improving plant growth and development. Silicon 11, 2407–2411.
| Role of orthosilicic acid (OSA) based formulation in improving plant growth and development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oladokun MAO, Ennos AR (2006) Structural development and stability of rice Oryza sativa L. var. Nerica 1. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 3123–3130.
| Structural development and stability of rice Oryza sativa L. var. Nerica 1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olagunju SO (2014) Evaluation of rice varieties for moisture stress tolerance and field performance at different growth stages. An M. Agric dissertation submitted to the Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production College of Plant Science and Crop Production. Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Alabata Ogun State, Nigeria.
Olagunju SO, Sosanya OS, Oguntade OA, Adewusi KM, Nassir AL, Joda AO, Adegoke AT, Banjo OB (2019) Prostrate or upright growth habit in tomato cultivars: contributory roles of stem diameters and fruit weight under fertilizer application. Advances in Horticultural Science 33, 465–474.
| Prostrate or upright growth habit in tomato cultivars: contributory roles of stem diameters and fruit weight under fertilizer application.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olagunju SO, Sakariyawo OS, Atayese MO, Dare EO, Nassir AL, Adesina EH (2020) Analyses of grain yield components of selected upland rice grown in valley bottom soil under rates of foliar ortho-silicate acid fertiliser. African Crop Science Journal 28, 79–92.
| Analyses of grain yield components of selected upland rice grown in valley bottom soil under rates of foliar ortho-silicate acid fertiliser.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olagunju SO, Atayese MO, Sakariyawo OS, Dare EO, Nassir AL (2021) Culm morphological traits contributing to lodging resistance in first generation NERICA cultivars under foliar application of orthosilicic acid fertilizer. Silicon 13, 3059–3073.
| Culm morphological traits contributing to lodging resistance in first generation NERICA cultivars under foliar application of orthosilicic acid fertilizer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ookawa T, Yasuda K, Kato H, Sakai M, Seto M, Sunaga K, Motobayashi T, Tojo S, Hirasawa T (2010) Biomass production and lodging resistance in ‘leaf star’, a new long-culm rice forage cultivar. Plant Production Science 13, 58–66.
| Biomass production and lodging resistance in ‘leaf star’, a new long-culm rice forage cultivar.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Packa D, Wiwart M, Suchowilska E, Bienkowska T (2015) Morpho-anatomical traits of two lowest internodes related to lodging resistance in selected genotypes of Triticum. International Agrophysics 29, 475–483.
| Morpho-anatomical traits of two lowest internodes related to lodging resistance in selected genotypes of Triticum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Payne RW., Harding SA, Murray DA., Soutar DM, Baird DB, Glaser AI, Channing IC, Welham SJ, Gilmour AR, Thompson R, Webster R (2009) ‘GenStat for Windows: Introduction.’ 12th edn (VSN International: Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Piñera-Chavez FJ, Berry PM, Foulkes MJ, Molero G, Reynolds MP (2016) Avoiding lodging in irrigated spring wheat. II. Genetic variation of stem and root structural properties. Field Crops Research 196, 64–74.
| Avoiding lodging in irrigated spring wheat. II. Genetic variation of stem and root structural properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinthus MJ (1974) Lodging in wheat, barley, and oats: the phenomenon, its causes, and preventive measures. In ‘Advances in agronomy. Vol. 25’. (Ed. NC Brady) pp. 209–263. (Academic Press)
| Crossref |
Sakariyawo OS, Olagunju SO, Atayese MO, Okeleye KA, Soremi PAS, Aderibigbe SG, Okonji CJ, Oyekanmi AA (2015) Physiological and yield response of some upland rice varieties to re-watering after imposed soil moisture stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 15, 93–111.
| Physiological and yield response of some upland rice varieties to re-watering after imposed soil moisture stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sallam A, Alqudah AM, Dawood MFA, Baenziger PS, Börner A (2019) Drought stress tolerance in wheat and barley: advances in physiology, breeding and genetics research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, 3137
| Drought stress tolerance in wheat and barley: advances in physiology, breeding and genetics research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Savant NK, Snyder GH, Datnoff LE (1996) Silicon management and sustainable rice production. In ‘Advances in agronomy’. Vol. 58. (Ed. DL Sparks) pp. 151–199. (Academic Press)
| Crossref |
Shrestha S, Rebecca M, Laza C, Mendez K V, Bhosale S, Dingkuhn M (2020) The blaster: a methodology to induce rice lodging at plot scale to study lodging resistance. Field Crops Research 245, 107663
| The blaster: a methodology to induce rice lodging at plot scale to study lodging resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sujariya S, Jongrungklang N, Jongdee B, Inthavong T, Budhaboon C, Fukai S (2020) Rainfall variability and its effects on growing period and grain yield for rainfed lowland rice under transplanting system in Northeast Thailand. Plant Production Science 23, 48–59.
| Rainfall variability and its effects on growing period and grain yield for rainfed lowland rice under transplanting system in Northeast Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tavakoli H, Mohtasebi SS, Jafari A (2009) Physical and mechanical properties of wheat straw as influenced by moisture content. International Agrophysics 23, 175–181.
Tripathi SC, Sayre KD, Kaul JN, Narang RS (2002) Effect of planting methods and N rates on lodging, morphological characters of culm and yield in spring wheat varieties. Cereal Research Communications 30, 431–438.
| Effect of planting methods and N rates on lodging, morphological characters of culm and yield in spring wheat varieties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trujillo DJ, Lopez LF (2020) Bamboo material characterisation. In ‘Nonconventional and vernacular construction materials: characterisation, properties and applications’, 2nd edn. (Eds KA Harries, B Sarma) pp. 491–520. (Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering)
| Crossref |
Tuna AL, Kaya C, Ashraf M, Altunlu H, Yokas I, Yagmur B (2007) The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grain under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59, 173–178.
| The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grain under salt stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang C, Wu Ruan R, Hui Yuan X, Hu D, Yang H, Li Y, Lin Yi Z (2015) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the lignin synthesis in the culm in relation to lodging resistance of buckwheat. Plant Production Science 18, 218–227.
| Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the lignin synthesis in the culm in relation to lodging resistance of buckwheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang X, Mace E, Hunt C, Cruickshank A, Hammer G, Jordan D (2020) Spatial and temporal patterns of lodging in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 71, 379–388.
| Spatial and temporal patterns of lodging in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weng F, Zhang W, Wu X, Xu X, Ding Y, Li G, Liu Z, Wang S (2017) Impact of low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage on lodging resistance of rice. Scientific Reports 7, 46596
| Impact of low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage on lodging resistance of rice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28422161PubMed |
Wu W, Ma B-L (2020) The mechanical roles of the clasping leaf sheath in cereals: two case studies from oat and wheat plants. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 206, 118–129.
| The mechanical roles of the clasping leaf sheath in cereals: two case studies from oat and wheat plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wu CA, Lowry DB, Nutter LI, Willis JH (2010) Natural variation for drought-response traits in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. Oecologia 162, 23–33.
| Natural variation for drought-response traits in the Mimulus guttatus species complex.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19727827PubMed |
Xu W, Cui K, Xu A, Nie L, Huang J, Peng S (2015) Drought stress condition increases root to shoot ratio via alteration of carbohydrate partitioning and enzymatic activity in rice seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 37, 9
| Drought stress condition increases root to shoot ratio via alteration of carbohydrate partitioning and enzymatic activity in rice seedlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yoshida S (1981) ‘Fundamentals of rice crop science’, (International Rice Research Institute: Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines)
Zhang F-z, Jin Z-x, Ma G-h, Shang W-n, Liu H-y, Xu M-l, Liu Y (2010) Relationship between lodging resistance and chemical contents in culms and sheaths of Japonica rice during grain filling. Rice Science 17, 311–318.
| Relationship between lodging resistance and chemical contents in culms and sheaths of Japonica rice during grain filling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang J, Li G, Song Y, Liu Z, Yang C, Tang S, Zheng C, Wang S, Ding Y (2014) Lodging resistance characteristics of high-yielding rice populations. Field Crops Research 161, 64–74.
| Lodging resistance characteristics of high-yielding rice populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang W, Wu L, Wu X, Ding Y, Li G, Li J, Weng F, Liu Z, Tang S, Ding C, Wang S (2016) Lodging resistance of Japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.): morphological and anatomical traits due to top-dressing nitrogen application rates. Rice 9, 31
| Lodging resistance of Japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.): morphological and anatomical traits due to top-dressing nitrogen application rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27369289PubMed |
Zhang R, Jia Z, Zhao Y (2020) Characterising the morphological characters and carbohydrate metabolism of oat culms and their association with lodging resistance. Plant Biology 22, 267–276.
| Characterising the morphological characters and carbohydrate metabolism of oat culms and their association with lodging resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31631474PubMed |
Zheng M, Chen J, Shi Y, Li Y, Yin Y, Yang D, Luo Y, Pang D, Xu X, Li W, Ni J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li Y (2017) Manipulation of lignin metabolism by plant densities and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat. Scientific Reports 7, 41805
| Manipulation of lignin metabolism by plant densities and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28150816PubMed |