Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated germplasm of the perennial pasture grass Phalaris aquatica, using DArTseq SNP marker analysis
Washington J. Gapare A B , Andrzej Kilian C , Alan V. Stewart D , Kevin F. Smith E and Richard A. Culvenor
A F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
B Present address: Grains Research and Development Corporation, PO Box 5367, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia.
C Diversity Arrays Technology, Building 3, Level D, University of Canberra, Monana St., Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia.
D PGG Wrightson Seeds Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand.
E Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Private Bag 105, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: Richard.Culvenor@csiro.au
Crop and Pasture Science 72(10) 823-840 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21112
Submitted: 15 February 2021 Accepted: 24 May 2021 Published: 14 September 2021
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC
Abstract
Phalaris aquatica L. (phalaris) is a cool-season perennial grass originating from the Mediterranean Basin, north-west Africa and Middle Eastern regions that is used for livestock agriculture mainly in temperate areas with dry summers. It has been the subject of breeding programs in Australia, South America, New Zealand and the USA. Increased knowledge of relationships between wild and cultivated germplasm through use of molecular markers has the potential to facilitate future breeding gains. For this purpose, we conducted an analysis of P. aquatica by using 3905 polymorphic DArTseq SNP markers. Genetic diversity as measured by expected heterozygosity was similar for wild (HE = 0.14; n = 57) and cultivated (HE = 0.13; n = 37) accessions. Diversity in wild germplasm was generally continuous in nature, largely related to geographical location, with a division at the broadest scale into eastern and western clades, with more admixture in the western than the eastern clade. Structure analysis of wild germplasm indicated six subpopulations consistent with country of origin, with some admixture among subpopulations likely resulting from natural and human influences. There were nine subpopulations among wild and cultivated accessions combined. This population structure should be considered if genomic selection is applied in P. aquatica. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 71% of the genetic variation occurred within subpopulations and 29% among subpopulations. Genetic distances were low among cultivated germplasm from most countries except the USA, which was more distinct. Evaluation of material from the US pool by breeding programs in other countries, and additional material from the less utilised eastern clade, may be worthwhile.
Keywords: AMOVA, bulbous canary grass, DArTseq, Diversity Arrays Technology, genetic diversity, genotyping-by-sequencing, Phalaris aquatica, perennial grass, wild ecotype.
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