Rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia: issues, options and opportunities
Ahmad Nawaz A B , Muhammad Farooq
B C D F , Faisal Nadeem B , Kadambot H. M. Siddique D and Rattan Lal E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-Campus, Layyah, Pakistan.
B Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
C Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud-123, Oman.
D The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia.
E Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, School of Environment and Natural Resources,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: farooqcp@gmail.com
Crop and Pasture Science 70(5) 395-427 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18383
Submitted: 21 May 2018 Accepted: 31 March 2019 Published: 16 May 2019
Abstract
The rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system is the largest agricultural production system worldwide, and is practised on 24 Mha in Asia. Many factors have threatened the long-term sustainability of conventional rice–wheat cropping systems, including degradation of soil health, water scarcity, labour/energy crises, nutrient imbalances, low soil organic matter contents, complex weed and insect flora, the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, and greenhouse-gas emissions. Options for improving the yield and sustainability of the rice–wheat cropping system include the use of resource-conservation technologies such as no-till wheat, laser-assisted land levelling, and direct-seeded aerobic rice. However, these technologies are site- and situation-specific; for example, direct-seeded aerobic rice is successful on heavy-textured soils but not sandy soils. Other useful strategies include seed priming, carbon trading and payment, the inclusion of legumes, and eco-friendly and biological methods of weed control. Irrigation based on soil matric potential using tensiometers can be useful for saving surplus water in direct-seeded, aerobic rice. These options and strategies will contribute to resolving water scarcity, saving labour and energy resources, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, increasing soil organic matter contents, and improving the soil-quality index. Seed priming with various substances that supplement osmotic pressure (osmotica) is a viable option for addressing poor stand establishment in conservation rice–wheat cropping systems and for increasing crop yields. To strengthen the campaign for using resource-conservation technologies in rice–wheat cropping systems, carbon-payment schemes could be introduced and machinery should be offered at affordable prices. The persistent issue of burning crop residues could be resolved by incorporating these residues into biogas/ethanol and biochar production. Because rice and wheat are staple foods in South Asia, agronomic biofortification is a useful option for enhancing micronutrient contents in grains to help to reduce malnutrition.
Additional keywords: grain biofortification, Indo-Gangetic Plains, laser land levelling, residue burning, weed management.
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