Yield response in chickpea cultivars and wheat following crop rotations affecting population densities of Pratylenchus thornei and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
R. A. Reen A B , J. P. Thompson A , T. G. Clewett A , J. G. Sheedy A and K. L. Bell A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Leslie Research Facility, PO Box 2282, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: roslyn.reen@usq.edu.au; roslyn.reen@daff.qld.gov.au
Crop and Pasture Science 65(5) 428-441 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13441
Submitted: 16 December 2013 Accepted: 2 May 2014 Published: 16 June 2014
Abstract
In Australia, root-lesion nematode (RLN; Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces chickpea and wheat yields. Yield losses from RLN have been determined through use of nematicide; however, nematicide does not control nematodes in Vertosol subsoils in Australia’s northern grains region. The alternative strategy of assessing yield response, by using crop rotation with resistant and susceptible crops to manipulate nematode populations, is poorly documented for chickpea. Our research tested the effectiveness of crop rotation and nematicide against P. thornei populations for assessing yield loss in chickpea. First-year field plots included canola, linseed, canaryseed, wheat and a fallow treatment, all with and without the nematicide aldicarb. The following year, aldicarb was reapplied and plots were re-cropped with four chickpea cultivars and one intolerant wheat cultivar. Highest P. thornei populations were after wheat, at 0.45–0.6 m soil depth. Aldicarb was effective to just 0.3 m for wheat and 0.45 m for other crops, and increased subsequent crop grain yield by only 6%. Canola, linseed and fallow treatments reduced P. thornei populations, but low mycorrhizal spore levels in the soil after canola and fallow treatments were associated with low chickpea yield. Canaryseed kept P. thornei populations low throughout the soil profile and maintained mycorrhizal spore densities, resulting in grain yield increases of up to 25% for chickpea cultivars and 55% for wheat when pre-cropped with canaryseed compared with wheat. Tolerance indices for chickpeas based on yield differences after paired wheat and canaryseed plots ranged from 80% for cv. Tyson to 95% for cv. Lasseter and this strategy is recommended for future use in assessing tolerance.
Additional keywords: AMF, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Brassica napus, chickpea nematode tolerance, Linum usitatissimum.
References
ABARE (2012) Table 12. Australian crop production. ABARE Australian Crop Report, September 2012. No. 163. p. 17. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Available at: http://data.daff.gov.au/data/warehouse/aucrpd9abcc003/aucrpd9abcc003201209/ACR12.3_Sept_v1.0.0.pdfAngus JF (2001) Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 277–288.
| Nitrogen supply and demand in Australian agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1CrsbY%3D&md5=cc9c8b48d30794bf44b4c93ea8249d4cCAS |
Ansari MA, Patel BA, Mhase NL, Patel DJ, Douaik A, Sharma SB (2004) Tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lines to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51, 449–453.
| Tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lines to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anwar QMK, Zaki MJ (2005) Tripartite interactions between root lesion nematode, VAM fungus and wheat varieties. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, 687–694.
Awad TM, Kilgore WW, Winterlin W (1984) Movement of aldicarb in different soil types. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32, 377–382.
| Movement of aldicarb in different soil types.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhvVOgsLo%3D&md5=10027d20d78fd119f987fb22aba3178fCAS | 6713131PubMed |
Barker KR, Koenning SR, Bostian AL, Ayers AR (1988) Growth and yield response of soybean to aldicarb. Journal of Nematology 20, 421–431.
Beane J (1985) Vertical distribution of Pratylenchus neglectus, P. crenatus and Tylenchorynchus dubius associated with maize roots and the effect of aldicarb residues. Annals of Applied Biology 106, 499–503.
| Vertical distribution of Pratylenchus neglectus, P. crenatus and Tylenchorynchus dubius associated with maize roots and the effect of aldicarb residues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XltFSnur4%3D&md5=23c39fb3de2a1c91b6e0520ba24b61d0CAS |
Beckmann GG, Thompson CH (1960) ‘Soils and land use in the Kurrawa area, Darling Downs, Queensland.’ (CSIRO, Australia)
Beech DF, Leach GJ (1988) Response of chickpea accession to row spacing and plant density on a vertosol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 1. Dry matter production and seed yield. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, 367–376.
| Response of chickpea accession to row spacing and plant density on a vertosol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 1. Dry matter production and seed yield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benjamin JG, Nielsen DC (2006) Water deficit effects on root distribution of soybean field pea and chickpea. Field Crops Research 97, 248–253.
| Water deficit effects on root distribution of soybean field pea and chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berger JD, Turner NC, Siddique KHM, Knights EJ, Brinsmead RB, Mock I, Edmonson C, Khan TN (2004) Genotype by environment studies across Australia reveal the importance of phenology for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) improvement. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 1071–1084.
| Genotype by environment studies across Australia reveal the importance of phenology for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) improvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bond JP, McGawley EC, Hoy JW (2000) Distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes on sugarcane in Louisiana and efficacy of nematicides. Journal of Nematology 32, 493–501.
Brown RH (1987) Control strategies in low-value crops. In ‘Principles and practice of nematode control in crops’. pp. 351–387. (Academic Press Australia: Marrickville, NSW)
Carrasco-Ballesteros S, Castillo P, Adams BJ, Perez-Artes E (2007) Identification of Pratylenchus thornei, the cereal and legume root-lesion nematode, based on SCAR-PCR and satellite DNA. European Journal of Plant Pathology 118, 115–125.
| Identification of Pratylenchus thornei, the cereal and legume root-lesion nematode, based on SCAR-PCR and satellite DNA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkvVahs7Y%3D&md5=4203b663633cf3d0aa4bba0c494c53b1CAS |
Castillo P, Gomez-Barcina A, Jimenez-Diaz RM (1996) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with chickpea in southern Spain and effect of soil temperature on reproduction of Pratylenchus thornei. Nematologica 42, 211–219.
| Plant parasitic nematodes associated with chickpea in southern Spain and effect of soil temperature on reproduction of Pratylenchus thornei.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Castillo P, Navas-Cortes JA, Landa BB (2008) Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking chickpea and their in planta interactions with rhizobia and phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Disease 92, 840–853.
| Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking chickpea and their in planta interactions with rhizobia and phytopathogenic fungi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Colwell JD (1963) The estimation of the phosphorous fertilizer requirements of wheat in soil analysis. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3, 190–197.
| The estimation of the phosphorous fertilizer requirements of wheat in soil analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXnvVOhsQ%3D%3D&md5=c2184412086aa3359c4fb66881ca6c88CAS |
Cook R, Evans K (1987) Resistance and tolerance. In ‘Principles and practice of nematode control in crops’. (Eds RH Brown, BR Kerry) pp. 179–231. (Academic Press: Sydney)
Cordell D, Neset TSS, Prior R (2012) The phosphorus mass balance: identifying ‘hotspots’ in the food system as a roadmap to phosphorus security. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23, 839–845.
| The phosphorus mass balance: identifying ‘hotspots’ in the food system as a roadmap to phosphorus security.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlsFGgsr0%3D&md5=9e6f46594cbefae2cbcbdff08a29b745CAS | 22503084PubMed |
Dalal RC, Strong WM, Weston EJ, Cooper JE, Wildermuth GB, Lehanne KJ, King AJ, Holmes CJ (1998) Sustaining productivity of a vertosol at Warra, Queensland, with fertilisers, no-tillage or legumes 5. Wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and water-use efficiency of chickpea–wheat rotation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 489–501.
| Sustaining productivity of a vertosol at Warra, Queensland, with fertilisers, no-tillage or legumes 5. Wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and water-use efficiency of chickpea–wheat rotation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deepak V, Mishra MK, Singh PK, Soni PK (2006) Studies on mycorrhizal association in wheat. Indian Phytopathology 59, 174–179.
Di Vito M, Greco N, Saxena MC (1992) Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus thornei on chickpea in Syria. Nematologia Mediterranea 20, 71–73.
Di Vito M, Zaccheo G, Catalano F (2000) Effect of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei on the growth of faba bean. Nematologia Mediterranea 28, 261–265.
Doncaster CC (1962) A counting dish for nematodes. Nematologica 7, 334–336.
| A counting dish for nematodes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doughton JA, Vallis I, Saffigna PG (1993) Nitrogen fixation in chickpea 1. Influence of prior cropping or fallow nitrogen fertilizer and tillage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, 1403–1413.
| Nitrogen fixation in chickpea 1. Influence of prior cropping or fallow nitrogen fertilizer and tillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doyle AD, McLeod RW, Wong PTW, Hetherington SE, Southwell RJ (1987) Evidence for the involvement of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in wheat yield decline in northern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 563–570.
| Evidence for the involvement of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in wheat yield decline in northern New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Erman M, Demir S, Ocak E, Tufenkci S, Oguz F, Akkopru A (2011) Effects of Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and whey applications on some properties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions 1-yield, yield components, nodulation and AMF colonization. Field Crops Research 122, 14–24.
| Effects of Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and whey applications on some properties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions 1-yield, yield components, nodulation and AMF colonization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farzaneh M, Vierheilig H, Lossl A, Kaul HP (2011) Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhances nutrient uptake in chickpea. Plant, Soil and Environment 57, 465–470.
Felton WL, Marcellos H, Alston C, Martin RJ, Backhouse D, Burgess LW, Herridge DF (1998) Chickpea in wheat-based cropping systems of northern New South Wales - II. Influence on biomass, grain yield, and crown rot in the following wheat crop. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 401–407.
| Chickpea in wheat-based cropping systems of northern New South Wales - II. Influence on biomass, grain yield, and crown rot in the following wheat crop.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXisFGqtr8%3D&md5=e093c52bccdb44fd03a7ccb7bbcf1cdeCAS |
Fortuner R (1977) ‘Pratylenchus thornei.’ C.I.H. Description of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Set 7, No. 93. (Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, St Albans, UK)
Greco N, Di Vito M, Saxena MC (1992) Plant parasitic nematodes of cool season food legumes in Syria. Nematologia Mediterranea 20, 37–46.
Hochman Z, Dalgliesh NP, Bell KL (2001) Contributions of soil and crop factors to plant available soil water capacity of annual crops on Black and Grey Vertosols. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 955–961.
| Contributions of soil and crop factors to plant available soil water capacity of annual crops on Black and Grey Vertosols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hollaway GJ, Taylor SP, Eastwood RF, Hunt CH (2000) Effect of field crops on density of Pratylenchus in Southeastern Australia: Part 2: P. thornei. Journal of Nematology 32, 600–608.
Hussey RS, Roncadori RW (1982) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae may limit nematode activity and improve plant growth. Plant Disease 66, 9–14.
| Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae may limit nematode activity and improve plant growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
International VSN (2011) ‘Genstat for Windows.’ 14th edn (VSN International: Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Isbell RF (1996) ‘The Australian Soil Classification.’ Rev. edn (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Kirkegaard JA, Hocking PJ, Angus JF, Howe GN, Gardner PA (1997) Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. Break-crop and nitrogen effects on subsequent wheat crops. Field Crops Research 52, 179–191.
| Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. Break-crop and nitrogen effects on subsequent wheat crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lancashire PD, Van DenBoom T, Langeluddeke P, Stauss R, Weber E, Witzenberger A (1991) A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 119, 561–601.
| A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindsay WL, Norvell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42, 421–428.
| Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXltVKntLs%3D&md5=626e523e14596ab763f4ac1a1cb17cd8CAS |
Marschner H (1986) ‘Mineral nutrition of higher plants.’ (Academic Press: London)
McKenney MC, Lindsey DL (1987) Improved method for quantifying endomycorrhizal fungi spores from soil. Mycologia 79, 779–782.
| Improved method for quantifying endomycorrhizal fungi spores from soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murray GM, Brennan JP (2012) The current and potential costs from diseases of pulse crops in Australia, Executive summary, Chickpeas. GRDC Ground Cover Direct. Available at: www.grdc.com.au/~/media/F2A38CBC6EDA497082A0AED7A34A7143.pdf
Noling JW (2002) Movement and toxicity of nematicides in the plant root-zone. Fact sheet ENY-041(formerly RF-NG002) U.S. Department of Agricultural, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida. Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG002 (retrieved 10/11/2008)
Ortas I (2012) The effect of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on plant yield, nutrient uptake and inoculation effectiveness under long-term field conditions. Field Crops Research 125, 35–48.
| The effect of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on plant yield, nutrient uptake and inoculation effectiveness under long-term field conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Owen KJ, Clewett TG, Thompson JP (2010) Pre-cropping with canola decreased Pratylenchus thornei populations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and yield of wheat. Crop & Pasture Science 61, 399–410.
| Pre-cropping with canola decreased Pratylenchus thornei populations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and yield of wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read DC (1987) Greatly accelerated microbial degradation of aldicarb in re-treated field soil, in flooded soil, and in water. Journal of Economic Entomology 80, 156–163.
Reen RA, Thompson JP, Knights EJ (2011) Introgression of resistance to Pratylenchus from wild Cicer species into Australian chickpea. In ‘Proceedings 18th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Conference and 4th Asian Conference on Plant Pathology’. Darwin, NT. p. 112. (Australasian Plant Pathology)
Robertson MJ, Carberry PS, Huth NI, Turpin JE, Probert ME, Poulton PL, Bell M, Wright GC, Yeates SJ, Brinsmead RB (2002) Simulation of growth and development of diverse legume species in APSIM. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 429–446.
| Simulation of growth and development of diverse legume species in APSIM.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ryan MH, Angus JF (2003) Arbuscular mycorrhizal in wheat and feld pea crops on a low P soil increased Zn uptake but no increase in P-uptake or yield. Plant and Soil 250, 225–239.
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal in wheat and feld pea crops on a low P soil increased Zn uptake but no increase in P-uptake or yield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit1CisLY%3D&md5=4257b2cbca6c6ecb370c6384a520fabaCAS |
Sharma SB, Mohiuddin M, Reddy MV, Singh O, Rego TJ, Singh U (1995) Tolerance in chickpea to Meloidogyne javanica. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18, 197–203.
Sheedy JG, Thompson JP (2009) Resistance to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei of Iranian landrace wheat. Australasian Plant Pathology 38, 478–489.
| Resistance to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei of Iranian landrace wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sheedy JG, Clewett TG, Thompson JP, Paull J, Rose IA (2009) Resistance to root lesion nematode (P. thornei) of Australian Faba bean cultivars, 2008. Plant Disease Management Report 3: No. 35. (The American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, MN, USA)
Siddiqi MR (1972) ‘Merlinus brevidens.’ C.I.H. Description of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Set 1, No. 8. (Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology: St Albans, UK)
Siddique KHM, Brinsmead RB, Knight EJ, Paull JG, Rose IA (2000) Adaptation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Australia. In ‘Linking research and marketing opportunities for pulses in the 21st Century’. (Ed. R Knight) pp. 289–303. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Singh KB (1997) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Field Crops Research 53, 161–170.
| Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith FA, Smith SE (2011) What is the significance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of many economically important crop plants? Plant and Soil 348, 63–79.
| What is the significance of the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of many economically important crop plants?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1Gnt73J&md5=42be14ae5c1c0cb34965cfce23df3c9aCAS |
Spaull VW, Cadet P (1991) Studies on the relationship between nematodes and sugarcane in South and West Africa: ratoon cane. Revue de Nematologie 14, 183–186.
Starr JL, Cool R, Bridge J (2002) ‘Plant resistance to parasitic nematodes.’ Ch. 1. pp. 4–5. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)
Taylor SP, Vanstone VA, Ware AH, McKay AC, Szot D, Russ MH (1999) Measuring yield loss in cereals caused by root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei) with and without nematicide. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 617–622.
| Measuring yield loss in cereals caused by root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei) with and without nematicide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjslyjsLg%3D&md5=24933464ad4339d80a80b9f0107ebbc5CAS |
Thompson JP (1987) Decline of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in long fallow disorder of field crops and its expression in phosphorus deficiency of sunflower. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 847–867.
| Decline of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in long fallow disorder of field crops and its expression in phosphorus deficiency of sunflower.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXmtFKltbk%3D&md5=c93e045eae6253ceb69feb89db78b9f1CAS |
Thompson JP (1991) Improving the mycorrhizal condition of the soil through cultural practices. In ‘Phosphorous nutrition of grain legumes in the semi-arid tropics practices and effects on growth and phosphorus uptake by plants’. (Eds C Johansen, KK Lee, KL Sahrawat) p. 117. (ICRISAT: Hyderabad, AP, India)
Thompson JP, Clewett TG (1986) Research on root-lesion nematode, Occurrence and wheat varietal reaction. 1982–1984 Biennial Report, Queensland Wheat Research Institute, Toowoomba, Qld, pp. 32–34.
Thompson JP, Mackenzie J, Amos R (1995) Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) limits response of wheat but not barley to stored soil moisture in the Hermitage long-term tillage experiment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 1049–1055.
| Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) limits response of wheat but not barley to stored soil moisture in the Hermitage long-term tillage experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson JP, Bowman R, Seymour N, Peck D, Clewett TG (1997) VAM boosts crop yields. Crop Link Agdex No. 100–532, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland, Brisbane, p. 8.
Thompson JP, Brennan PS, Clewett TG, Sheedy JG, Seymour NP (1999) Progress in breeding wheat for tolerance and resistance to root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei). Australasian Plant Pathology 28, 45–52.
| Progress in breeding wheat for tolerance and resistance to root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson JP, Greco N, Eastwood R, Sharma SB, Scurrah M (2000) Integrated control of nematodes of cool season food legumes. In ‘Linking research and marketing opportunities for pulses in the 21st Century’: pp. 494–495. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Thompson JP, Owen KJ, Stirling GR, Bell MJ (2008) Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus): a review of recent progress in managing a significant pest of grain crops in northern Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 235–242.
| Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus): a review of recent progress in managing a significant pest of grain crops in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson JP, Clewett TG, Sheedy JG, Reen RA, O’Reilly MM, Bell KL (2010) Occurrence of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus) and stunt nematode (Merlinius brevidens) in the northern grain region of Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 39, 254–264.
| Occurrence of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus) and stunt nematode (Merlinius brevidens) in the northern grain region of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson JP, Reen RA, Clewett TG, Sheedy JG, Kelly AM, Gogel BJ, Knights EJ (2011) Hybridisation of Australian chickpea cultivars with wild Cicer spp. increases resistance to root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus). Australasian Plant Pathology 40, 601–611.
| Hybridisation of Australian chickpea cultivars with wild Cicer spp. increases resistance to root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson JP, Mackenzie J, Sheedy GH (2012) Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) reduces nutrient response, biomass and yield of wheat in sorghum-fallow-wheat cropping systems in a subtropical environment. Field Crops Research 137, 126–140.
| Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) reduces nutrient response, biomass and yield of wheat in sorghum-fallow-wheat cropping systems in a subtropical environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trudgill DL (1991) Resistance to and tolerance of plant parasitic nematodes in plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology 29, 167–192.
| Resistance to and tolerance of plant parasitic nematodes in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trudgill DI, Evans K, Phillips MS (1998) Potato cyst nematodes; damage mechanisms and tolerance in the potato. In ‘Potato cyst nematodes biology, distribution, and control’. (Eds RJ Marks, BB Brodie) pp. 117–134. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Turpin JE, Herridge DF, Robertson MJ (2002) Nitrogen fixation and soil nitrate interactions in field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and fababean (Vicia faba). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 599–608.
| Nitrogen fixation and soil nitrate interactions in field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and fababean (Vicia faba).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks1ensLc%3D&md5=75766b5e1c4be9459ddd57caa7aaa375CAS |
Vanstone VA, Hollaway GJ, Stirling GR (2008) Managing nematode pests in the southern and western regions of the Australian cereal industry: continuing progress in a challenging environment. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 220–234.
| Managing nematode pests in the southern and western regions of the Australian cereal industry: continuing progress in a challenging environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Webb RM (1996) In vitro studies of six species of Pratylenchus (Nematoda:Pratylenchidae) on four cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera). Nematologica 42, 89–95.
| In vitro studies of six species of Pratylenchus (Nematoda:Pratylenchidae) on four cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whish JPM, Castor P, Carberry PS (2007) Managing production constraints to the reliability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) within marginal areas of the northern grains region of Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 396–405.
| Managing production constraints to the reliability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) within marginal areas of the northern grains region of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitehead AG, Hemming JR (1965) A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Annals of Applied Biology 55, 25–38.
| A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zadoks , Chang TT, Konzak CF (1974) A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research 14, 415–421.
| A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zaidi A, Khan MS (2007) Stimulatory effects of dual inoculation with phosphate solubilising microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on chickpea. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1016–1022.
| Stimulatory effects of dual inoculation with phosphate solubilising microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXos1Kgt7k%3D&md5=fae11e3fc02472f4ee8689aef375dc37CAS |
Zaidi A, Khan MS, Amil M (2003) Interactive effect of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journal of Agronomy 19, 15–21.
| Interactive effect of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
