Register      Login
Crop and Pasture Science Crop and Pasture Science Society
Plant sciences, sustainable farming systems and food quality
REVIEW

Waterlogging in Australian agricultural landscapes: a review of plant responses and crop models

Ruth E. Shaw A C , Wayne S. Meyer A , Ann McNeill B and Stephen D. Tyerman B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.

B School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: ruth.shaw@adelaide.edu.au

Crop and Pasture Science 64(6) 549-562 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13080
Submitted: 4 March 2013  Accepted: 23 July 2013   Published: 30 August 2013

Abstract

This review summarises reported observations of the effects of waterlogging on agricultural production in Australia and briefly discusses potential remediation strategies. Inconsistencies are demonstrated in the current indicators used for assessment of waterlogging potential across agricultural landscapes as well as in parameters measured in waterlogging studies. It is suggested that predictions of waterlogging potential for landscapes should be based on a minimum dataset that includes pedological, topographical, and climate data for the defined area, as well as observations of plant morphological appearance and visible surface water. The review also summarises the effects of low oxygen concentration in soil on rhizosphere processes, and discusses evidence for direct effects on plant physiology of reductions in soil oxygen caused by waterlogging. Finally, the review describes current crop growth, water use, and yield simulation models used in Australia (SWAGMAN, DRAINMOD, and APSIM) that incorporate waterlogging stress. It is suggested that there is scope for modifications to these models based on recent improved understanding of plant physiological responses to waterlogging and on further research. The review concludes that improvements in modelling waterlogging outcomes to assist growth and yield predictions should ultimately enhance management capacity for growers.

Additional keywords: raised bed, drainage, aquaporin, hydraulic conductivity, soil aeration, economics.


References

Agre P, Sasaki S, Chrispeels MJ (1993) Aquaporins: a family of waterchannel proteins. The American Journal of Physiology 261, 265, F461

Aguilar EA, Turner DW, Gibbs DJ, Armstrong W, Sivasithamparam K (2003) Oxygen distribution and movement, respiration and nutrient loading in banana roots subjected to aerated and oxygen-depleted environments. Plant and Soil 253, 91–102.
Oxygen distribution and movement, respiration and nutrient loading in banana roots subjected to aerated and oxygen-depleted environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVemtrs%3D&md5=36777bf95f217d093876aef9cef22c14CAS |

Armstrong W (1980) Aeration in higher plants. Advances in Botanical Research 7, 225–332.
Aeration in higher plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Asseng S, Keating BA, Huth NI, Eastham J (1997) Simulation of perched watertables in a duplex soil. In ‘Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation - MODSIM97’. Hobart, Tasmania. pp. 538–543. (Modelling & Simulation Society of Australia: Canberra)

Asseng S, Keating BA, Fillery IPR, Gregory PJ, Bowden JW, Turner NC, Palta JA, Abrecht DG (1998) Performance of the APSIM-wheat module in Western Australia. Field Crops Research 57, 163–179.
Performance of the APSIM-wheat module in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Aubertin GM, Rickman RW, Letey J (1968) Differential salt-oxygen levels influence plant growth. Journal of Agronomy 60, 345–349.
Differential salt-oxygen levels influence plant growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bakker DM, Hamilton GJ, Houlbrooke DJ, Spann C (2005) The effects of raised beds on soil structure, waterlogging and productivity on duplex soils in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 43, 575–585.
The effects of raised beds on soil structure, waterlogging and productivity on duplex soils in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bakker DM, Hamilton GJ, Houlbrooke DJ, Spann C, Burgel AV (2007) Productivity of crops grown on raised beds on duplex soils prone to waterlogging in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1368–1376.
Productivity of crops grown on raised beds on duplex soils prone to waterlogging in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bange MP, Milroy SP, Thongbai P (2004) Growth and yield of cotton in response to waterlogging. Field Crops Research 88, 129–142.
Growth and yield of cotton in response to waterlogging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Basso B, Ritchie JT, Grace PR, Sartori L (2006) Simulation of tillage systems impact on soil biophysical properties using the SALUS model. Italian Journal of Agronomy 4, 677–688.

Bassu S, Asseng S, Motzo R, Giunta F (2009) Optimising sowing dates of durum wheat in a variable Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research 111, 109–118.
Optimising sowing dates of durum wheat in a variable Mediterranean environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Belford RK (1981) Response of winter wheat to prolonged waterlogging under outdoor conditions. The Journal of Agricultural Science 97, 557–568.
Response of winter wheat to prolonged waterlogging under outdoor conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bergman HF (1920) The relation of aeration to the growth and activity of roots and its influence on the ecesis of plants in swamps. Annals of Botany 34, 13–33.

Boote KJ, Jones JW, Hoogenboom G, Pickering NB (1998) The CROPGRO model for grain legumes. In ‘Understanding options for agricultural production’. (Eds GY Tsuji, G Hoogenboom, PK Thornton) pp. 99–128. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Wageningen, the Netherlands)

Bramley H, Tyerman SD (2010) Root water transport under waterlogged conditions and the roles of aquaporins. In ‘Waterlogging signalling and tolerance in plants’. (Eds S Mancuso, S Shabala) pp. 151–180. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg)

Bramley H, Turner DW, Tyerman SD, Turner NC (2007) Waterflow in the roots of crop species: the influence of root structure, aquaporin activity and waterlogging. Advances in Agronomy 96, 133–196.
Waterflow in the roots of crop species: the influence of root structure, aquaporin activity and waterlogging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktlyisL8%3D&md5=eb25c578380f305555f6f10b9d9255c2CAS |

Bramley H, Turner NC, Turner DW, Tyerman SD (2010) The contrasting influence of short-term hypoxia on the hydraulic properties of cells and roots of wheat and lupin. Functional Plant Biology 37, 183–193.
The contrasting influence of short-term hypoxia on the hydraulic properties of cells and roots of wheat and lupin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cannell RQ (1977) Soil aeration and compaction in relation to root growth and soil management. In ‘Applied biology’. (Ed. TH Coaker) pp. 1–86. (Academic Press: London)

Cannell RQ, Belford RK, Gales K, Thomson RJ, Webster CP (1984) Effects of waterlogging and drought on winter wheat and winter barley grown on a clay and a sandy loam soil. Plant and Soil 80, 53–66.
Effects of waterlogging and drought on winter wheat and winter barley grown on a clay and a sandy loam soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chervin C, Tira-umphon A, Terrier N, Zouine M, Severac D, Roustan JP (2008) Stimulation of the grape berry expansion by ethylene and effects on related gene transcripts, over the ripening phase. Physiologia Plantarum 134, 534–546.
Stimulation of the grape berry expansion by ethylene and effects on related gene transcripts, over the ripening phase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlCnsbjE&md5=4501ae5f1afd2cc6e5b12df2572c4b9dCAS | 18785902PubMed |

Chittleborough DJ (1992) Formation and pedology of duplex soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 815–825.

Colmer TD (2003) Long-distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration and radial oxygen loss from roots. Plant, Cell & Environment 26, 17–36.
Long-distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration and radial oxygen loss from roots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtlKrtLs%3D&md5=0609b35b8ad823c51f8ff9f466b59f67CAS |

Colmer TD, Gibberd MR, Wiengweera A, Tinh TK (1998) The barrier to radial oxygen loss from roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is induced by growth in stagnant solution. Journal of Experimental Botany 49, 1431–1436.

Condon AG, Giunta F (2003) Yield response of restricted-tillering wheat to transient waterlogging on duplex soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 957–967.
Yield response of restricted-tillering wheat to transient waterlogging on duplex soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cox JW, Negus TR (1985) Interceptor drains and waterlogging control. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 26, 126–127.

Cox JW, McFarlane DJ, Skaggs RW (1994) Field evaluation of DRAINMOD for predicting waterlogging intensity and drain performance in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 653–671.
Field evaluation of DRAINMOD for predicting waterlogging intensity and drain performance in south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Davies CL, Turner DW, Dracup M (2000) Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) tolerates water logging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius). III Comparison under field conditions. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 721–727.
Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) tolerates water logging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius). III Comparison under field conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dennis ES, Dolferus R, Ellis M, Rahman M, Wu Y, Hoeren FU, Grover A, Ismond KP, Good AG, Peacock WJ (2000) Molecular strategies for improving waterlogging tolerance in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 89–97.
Molecular strategies for improving waterlogging tolerance in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXpslKjug%3D%3D&md5=c07aa67646f3dbf6311ab5942d0034feCAS | 10938799PubMed |

Dracup M, Belford R, Gregory P (1992) Constraints to root growth of wheat and lupin crops in duplex soils. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 947–961.
Constraints to root growth of wheat and lupin crops in duplex soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Drew MC (1997) Oxygen deficiency and root metabolism: injury and acclimation under hypoxia and anoxia. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48, 223–250.
Oxygen deficiency and root metabolism: injury and acclimation under hypoxia and anoxia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1ensLc%3D&md5=ad051fc381eb531a3bce43a35c5928e8CAS | 15012263PubMed |

Edraki M, Smith D, Humphreys E, Khan S, O’Connell N, Xevi E (2003) Validation of the SWAGMAN Farm and SWAGMAN Destiny models. CSIRO Land and Water, Griffith, Technical Report 44/03, August 2003. Available at: www.clw.csiro.au/publications/technical2003/tr44-03.pdf

Else MA, Coupland D, Dutton L, Jackson MB (2001) Decreased root hydraulic conductivity reduces leaf water potential, initiates stomatal closure and slows leaf expansion in flooded plants of castor oil (Ricinus communis) despite diminished delivery of ABA from the roots to shoots in xylem sap. Physiologia Plantarum 111, 46–54.
Decreased root hydraulic conductivity reduces leaf water potential, initiates stomatal closure and slows leaf expansion in flooded plants of castor oil (Ricinus communis) despite diminished delivery of ABA from the roots to shoots in xylem sap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktVOntQ%3D%3D&md5=b55d58820def27eb61830e47a8926d71CAS |

Evans RO, Skaggs RW, Sneed RE (1990) Normalised crop susceptibility factors for corn and soybean to excess water stress. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 33, 1153–1161.

Everard JD, Drew MC (1989) Mechanisms controlling changes in water movement through the roots of Helianthus annuus L. during continuous exposure to oxygen deficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 40, 95–104.
Mechanisms controlling changes in water movement through the roots of Helianthus annuus L. during continuous exposure to oxygen deficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fitzpatrick RW, Cox JW, Munday B, Bourne JF (2003) Development of soil-landscape and vegetation indicators for managing waterlogged and saline catchments. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 245–252.
Development of soil-landscape and vegetation indicators for managing waterlogged and saline catchments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garthwaite AJ, von Bothmer R, Colmer TD (2003) Diversity in root aeration traits associated with waterlogging tolerance in the genus Hordeum. Functional Plant Biology 30, 875–889.
Diversity in root aeration traits associated with waterlogging tolerance in the genus Hordeum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gibbs J, Turner DW, Armstrong W, Sivasithamparam K, Greenway H (1998) Response to oxygen deficiency in primary maize roots. II. Development of oxygen deficiency in the stele has limited short-term impact on radial hydraulic conductivity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25, 759–763.
Response to oxygen deficiency in primary maize roots. II. Development of oxygen deficiency in the stele has limited short-term impact on radial hydraulic conductivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnsFCqtbw%3D&md5=9cb9d502e8b029a4e6d7c685439a0827CAS |

Girton RE (1979) Effect of oxygen concentration on the respiration of excised root tip segments of maize and rice, and germinating grains of rice and buckwheat. Physiologia Plantarum 46, 58–62.
Effect of oxygen concentration on the respiration of excised root tip segments of maize and rice, and germinating grains of rice and buckwheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Godwin D, Humphreys E, Smith DJ, Timsina J, Xevi E, Meyer WS (2002) Application of SWAGMAN Destiny to rice-wheat cropping systems. In ‘Modelling irrigated cropping systems, with special attention to rice–wheat sequences and raised bed planting’. Technical Report 25/02. (Eds E Humphreys, J Timsina) pp. 63–81. (CSIRO Land and Water: Griffith) Available at: www.clw.csiro.au/publications/technical2002/tr25-02.pdf

Grassini P, Indaco GV, Pereira ML, Hall AJ, Trápani N (2007) Responses to short-term waterlogging during grain filling in sunflower. Field Crops Research 101, 352–363.
Responses to short-term waterlogging during grain filling in sunflower.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Greacen EL, Ponsana P, Barley KP (1976) Resistance to water flow in the roots of cereals. In ‘Water and plant life’. (Eds OL Lange, L Kappen, E-D Schulze) pp. 86–100. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin)

Grieve AM, Dunford E, Marston D, Martin RE, Slavich P (1986) Effects of water logging and soil salinity on irrigated agriculture in the Murray Valley: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, 761–777.
Effects of water logging and soil salinity on irrigated agriculture in the Murray Valley: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hardjoamidjojo S, Skaggs RW, Schwab GO (1982) Corn yield response to excessive soil water conditions. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 25, 922–927.

Hassanpour B, Parsineejad M, Yazdani MR, Salahshour Dalivand F, Kossari H (2011) Evaluation of modified DRAINMOD in predicting groundwater table fluctuations and yield of canola in paddy fields under snowy conditions (case study: Rasht, Iran). Irrigation and Drainage Systems 60, 660–667.
Evaluation of modified DRAINMOD in predicting groundwater table fluctuations and yield of canola in paddy fields under snowy conditions (case study: Rasht, Iran).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hatton TJ, Bartle GA, Silberstein RP, Salama RB, Hodgson G, Ward PR, Lambert P, Williamson DR (2002) Predicting and controlling water logging and groundwater flow in sloping duplex soils in western Australia. Agricultural Water Management 53, 57–81.
Predicting and controlling water logging and groundwater flow in sloping duplex soils in western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hiler EA (1969) Quantitative evaluation of crop drainage requirements. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 12, 499–505.

Jackson WT (1956) The relative importance of factors causing injury to shoots of flooded tomato plants. American Journal of Botany 43, 637–639.
The relative importance of factors causing injury to shoots of flooded tomato plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG2sXhsl2rsA%3D%3D&md5=69be2fd60f304e386eb09f1fffa929b8CAS |

Jackson MB (2002) Long distance signalling from roots to shoots assessed: the flooding story. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 175–181.
Long distance signalling from roots to shoots assessed: the flooding story.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtlWkt70%3D&md5=3b22baa64f9127ab4dea895dff5a6d98CAS | 11807120PubMed |

Jackson MB, Davies WJ, Else MA (1996) Pressure–flow relationships, xylem solutes and root hydraulic conductance in flooded tomato plants. Annals of Botany 77, 17–24.
Pressure–flow relationships, xylem solutes and root hydraulic conductance in flooded tomato plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jerrems R, Hill C (1999) Kyeamba Valley Landcare area land and water management plan: Economic evaluation. July 1999. Report for Socio-Economic Services Unit, Department of Land and Water Conservation, New South Wales.

Jones JW, Tsuji GY, Hoogenboom G, Hunt LA, Thornton PK, Wilkens PW, Imamura DT, Bowen WT, Singh U (1998) Decision support system for agrotechnology transfer: DSSAT v3. In ‘Understanding options for agricultural production’. (Eds GY Tsuji, G Hoogenboom, PK Thornton) pp. 157–177. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Wageningen, the Netherlands)

Kale S (2011) Estimating effects of drainage design parameters on crop yields under irrigated lands using DRAINMOD. Scientific Research and Essays 14, 2955–2963.

Kamaluddin M, Zwiazek JJ (2002) Ethylene enhances water transport in hypoxic aspen. Plant Physiology 128, 962–969.
Ethylene enhances water transport in hypoxic aspen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xit1Gqt7g%3D&md5=337c6797a734cee42c4ee9118e4a2312CAS | 11891251PubMed |

Keating BA, Carberry PS, Hammer GL, Probert ME, Robertson MJ, Holzworth D, Huth NI, Hargreaves JNG, Meinke H, Hochman Z, McLean G, Verburg K, Snow V, Dimes JP, Silburn M, Wang E, Brown S, Bristow KL, Asseng S, Chapman S, McCown RL, Freebairn DM, Smith CJ (2003) An overview of APSIM, a model designed for farming systems simulation. European Journal of Agronomy 18, 267–288.
An overview of APSIM, a model designed for farming systems simulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Khabaz-Saberi H, Rengel Z, Wilson R, Setter TL (2010) Variation of tolerance to manganese toxicity in Australian hexaploid wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173, 103–112.
Variation of tolerance to manganese toxicity in Australian hexaploid wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhvFGisrw%3D&md5=4d6d24227f2eb58ff09b7ad8ee156c6aCAS |

Kramer PJ, Jackson WT (1954) Causes of injury to flooded tobacco plants. Plant Physiology 29, 241–245.
Causes of injury to flooded tobacco plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28zht1ylsQ%3D%3D&md5=ea34d47bb10a54124bce7bc282f6ee40CAS | 16654650PubMed |

Littleboy M, Silburn DM, Freebairn DM, Woodruff DR, Hammer GL (1989) ‘PERFECT—A computer simulation model of Productivity, Erosion, Runoff Functions to Evaluate Conservation Techniques.’ (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane)

MacEwan RJ, Gardner WK, Ellington A, Hopkins DG, Bakker AC (1992) Tile and mole drainage for control of waterlogging in duplex soils of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 865–878.
Tile and mole drainage for control of waterlogging in duplex soils of south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Malik AI, Colmer TD, Lambers H, Setter TL, Schortemeyer M (2002) Short-term waterlogging has long-term effects on the growth and physiology of wheat. New Phytologist 153, 225–236.
Short-term waterlogging has long-term effects on the growth and physiology of wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maurel C (1997) Aquaporins and water permeability of plant membranes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48, 399–429.
Aquaporins and water permeability of plant membranes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1ems7w%3D&md5=8ad42a41caaa9dffdef6fcd94872dd28CAS | 15012269PubMed |

McDonald GK (1995) Growth of field pea on red-brown earth soils in a year with high rainfall. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 619–628.
Growth of field pea on red-brown earth soils in a year with high rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McDonald GK, Gardner WK (1987) Effect of waterlogging on the grain yield response of wheat to sowing date in South-west Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 661–670.
Effect of waterlogging on the grain yield response of wheat to sowing date in South-west Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McFarlane DJ, Cox JW (1990) Seepage interceptor drains for reducing waterlogging and salinity. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 31, 66–69.

McFarlane DJ, Cox JW (1992) Management of excess water in duplex soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 857–864.

McFarlane DJ, Barrett-Lennard EG, Setter TL (1989) Waterlogging: a hidden constraint to crop and pasture production in southern regions of Australia. In ‘Proceedings 5th Australian Agronomy Conference’. University of Western Australia. (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute: Gosford, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1989/invited/katanning-symposium/p-01.htm

Meyer WS (1976) Seminal roots of wheat: Manipulation of their geometry to increase the availability of soil water and to improve the efficiency of water use. PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.

Meyer WS, Barrs HD (1988) Response of wheat to single short-term waterlogging during and after stem elongation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 11–20.
Response of wheat to single short-term waterlogging during and after stem elongation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Meyer WS, Barrs HD, Smith RCG, White NS, Heritage AD, Short DL (1985) Effect of Irrigation on soil oxygen status and root shoot growth of wheat in a clay soil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 171–185.
Effect of Irrigation on soil oxygen status and root shoot growth of wheat in a clay soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Meyer WS, Godwin DC, White RJG (1996) SWAGMAN® Destiny: A tool to predict productivity change due to salinity, waterlogging and irrigation management In ‘Proceedings of the 8th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Toowomba, Qld. pp. 425–428. (Australian Society of Agronomy/The Regional Institute: Gosford, NSW) Available at: http://regional.org.au/au/asa/1996/contributed/425meyer.htm

Milroy SP, Bange MP (2013) Reduction in radiation use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under repeated transient waterlogging in the field. Field Crops Research 140, 51–58.
Reduction in radiation use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under repeated transient waterlogging in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Milroy SP, Bange MP, Thongbai P (2009) Cotton leaf nutrient concentrations in response to waterlogging under field conditions. Field Crops Research 113, 246–255.
Cotton leaf nutrient concentrations in response to waterlogging under field conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Neumann G, Romheld V (2012) Rhizosphere chemistry in relation to plant nutrition In ‘Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants’. 3rd edn. (Ed. P Marschner) pp. 347–368. (Elsevier Limited: UK)

Ohlsson T (1979) Redox reactions in soil sequence of redox reactions in a waterlogged soil. Nordic Hydrology 10, 89–98.

Parent C, Capelli N, Berger A, Crevecoeur M, Dat JF (2008) An overview of plant responses to soil waterlogging. Plant Stress 2, 20–27.

Ponnamperuma FN (1972) The chemistry of submerged soils. In ‘Advanced agronomy’. pp. 29–95. (Academic Press Inc.: Waltham, MA)

Probert ME, Dimes JP, Keating BA, Dalal RC, Strong WM (1998) APSIM’s water and nitrogen modules and simulation of the dynamics of water and nitrogen in fallow systems. Agricultural Systems 56, 1–28.
APSIM’s water and nitrogen modules and simulation of the dynamics of water and nitrogen in fallow systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Reicosky DC, Meyer WS, Schaefer NL, Sides RD (1985) Cotton response to short-term waterlogging imposed with a water-table gradient facility. Agricultural Water Management 10, 127–143.
Cotton response to short-term waterlogging imposed with a water-table gradient facility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ritchie JT, Singh U, Godwin D, Bowen WT (1998) Cereal growth, development and yield. In ‘Understanding options for agricultural production’. (Ed. GY Tsuji, G Hoogenboom, PK Thornton) pp. 79–98. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Wageningen, the Netherlands)

Saglio PH, Rancillac F, Bruzen F, Prader A (1984) Critical oxygen for growth and respiration of excised and intact roots. Plant Physiology 76, 151–154.
Critical oxygen for growth and respiration of excised and intact roots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXls1Ogtr0%3D&md5=d8b3f217870b3df5c4e3d220d11a6489CAS | 16663787PubMed |

Setter TL, Waters I (2003) Review of propects for germplasm improvement for waterlogging tolerance in wheat, barley and oats. Plant and Soil 253, 1–34.
Review of propects for germplasm improvement for waterlogging tolerance in wheat, barley and oats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVemsb4%3D&md5=fe236284fae1416ee8223119fae19a47CAS |

Setter TL, Waters I, Sharma SK, Singh KN, Kulshreshtha N, Yaduvanshi NPS, Ram PC, Singh BN, Rane J, McDonald G, Khabaz-Saberi H, Biddulph TB, Wilson R, Barclay I, McLean R, Cakir M (2009) Review of wheat improvement for waterlogging tolerance in Australia and India: the importance of anaerobiosis and element toxicities associated with different soils. Annals of Botany 103, 221–235.
Review of wheat improvement for waterlogging tolerance in Australia and India: the importance of anaerobiosis and element toxicities associated with different soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsFCktbY%3D&md5=a25d7fd35b499260239d6dbd4f252566CAS | 18708642PubMed |

Siddique KHM, Walton GH, Seymour M (1993) A comparison of seed yields of winter grain legumes in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, 915–922.
A comparison of seed yields of winter grain legumes in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Skaggs RW (1978) A water management model for shallow watertable soils. Report No. 78-134. North Carolina State University, Water Resources Research Institute, Raleigh, NC.

Skaggs RW (1991) Drainage. In ‘Modeling plant and soil systems’. (Eds J Hanks, JT Ritchie) pp. 205–243. (American Society of Agronomy, Inc.: Madison, WI)

Skaggs RW (2008) DRAINMOD: A simulation model for shallow water table soils. In ‘South Carolina Water Resources Conference’. (Clemson University Restoration Institute: Clemson, SC)

Stockle CO, Nelson R, Kemanian A, Donatelli M, Bechini L, Ferrer F, Van Evert F, Campbell GS, McCool D, Debaeke P (2013) CropSyst Abstract. Washington State University. Available at: www.bsyse.wsu.edu/CS_Suite/CropSyst/index.html

Tisdall JM, Hodgson AS (1990) Ridge tillage in Australia: a review. Soil & Tillage Research 18, 127–144.
Ridge tillage in Australia: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tournaire-Roux C, Sutka M, Javot H, Gout E, Gerbeau P, Luu D, Bligny R, Maurel C (2003) Cytosolic pH regulates root water transport during anoxic stress through gating of aquaporins. Nature 425, 393–397.
Cytosolic pH regulates root water transport during anoxic stress through gating of aquaporins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsV2ktrY%3D&md5=c86f96e510e83e67bd2176c2af66a7faCAS | 14508488PubMed |

Tungngoen K, Kongsawadworakul P, Viboonjun U, Katsuhara M, Brunel N, Sakr S, Narangajavana J, Chrestin H (2009) Involvement of HbPIP2;1 and HbTIP1;1 aquaporins in ethylene stimulation of latex yield through regulation of water exchanges between inner liber and latex cells in Hevea brasiliensis. Plant Physiology 151, 843–856.
Involvement of HbPIP2;1 and HbTIP1;1 aquaporins in ethylene stimulation of latex yield through regulation of water exchanges between inner liber and latex cells in Hevea brasiliensis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlSjsr%2FI&md5=7e916911c44f9f737243950a5cdda434CAS | 19656906PubMed |

Tyerman SD, Bohnert HJ, Maurel C, Steudle E, Smith JAC (1999) Plant aquaporins: their molecular biology, biophysics and significance for plant water relations. Journal of Experimental Botany 50, 1055–1071.

Vandeleur RK, Sullivan W, Athman A, Jordans C, Gilliham M, Kaiser BN, Tyerman SD (2013) Rapid shoot-to-root signalling regulates root hydraulic conductivity via aquaporins. Plant Cell & Environment (in press).

Wang E, Robertson MJ, Hammer GL, Carberry PS, Holzworth D, Meinke H, Chapman SC, Hargreaves JNG, Huth NI, McLean G (2002) Development of a generic crop model template in the cropping system model APSIM. European Journal of Agronomy 18, 121–140.
Development of a generic crop model template in the cropping system model APSIM.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang X, Mosley CT, Frankenberger JR, Kladivko EJ (2006) Subsurface drain flow and crop yield predictions for different drain spacings using DRAINMOD. Agricultural Water Management 79, 113–136.
Subsurface drain flow and crop yield predictions for different drain spacings using DRAINMOD.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

West DW, Taylor JA (1979) The response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to root-zone anaerobiosis, waterlogging and high sodium chloride. Annals of Botany 46, 51–60.

Zabalza A, van Dongen JT, Froehlich A, Oliver SN, Faix B, Gupta KJ, Schmalzlin E, Igal M, Orcaray L, Royuela M, Geigenberger P (2009) Regulation of respiration and fermentation to control the plant internal oxygen concerntration. Plant Physiology 149, 1087–1098.
Regulation of respiration and fermentation to control the plant internal oxygen concerntration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjt1ajs7o%3D&md5=06c63f9634621097318d2d4fd38fed89CAS | 19098094PubMed |