Vertical distribution profiles and temporal growth patterns of roots in selected oilseeds, pulses and spring wheat
Yantai Gan A C , Liping Liu B , Herb Cutforth A , Xiaoyu Wang A and Greg Ford A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada.
B Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
C Corresponding author. Email: yantai.gan@agr.gc.ca
Crop and Pasture Science 62(6) 457-466 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP10406
Submitted: 24 December 2010 Accepted: 6 May 2011 Published: 7 July 2011
Abstract
Knowledge of rooting systems and their vertical distribution in the soil profile for field crops is required for designing crop rotation systems that allow for effective use of soil water and nutrients. This study determined the vertical distribution in the upper 100 cm of the soil profile and the temporal growth patterns of roots for three pulses (Cicer arietinum L. chickpea, Pisum sativum L. dry pea, and Lens culinaris Medik. lentil) and three oilseeds (napus canola, juncea mustard, and Linum usitatissimum flax) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crops were grown in 150-mm-diameter, 1-m-long lysimeters under low- (rainfall only) and high- (rainfall + irrigation) water availabilities in a 2-year (2006–07) field study, in Swift Current, Canada. Root volumes increased significantly from the seedling stage, reached the maximum at the late-flowering, and declined to maturity; this temporal growth pattern was independent with water availability. On average, ~44% of the root volume was in the top 20-cm soil layer, 70% in the top 40 cm, and 90% in the top 60 cm. About 5% of the roots in pulse crops were located below 60 cm in depth, significantly less than the 12% for wheat, 13% for mustard, and 18% for canola. Under low-water conditions, Brassica oilseeds had greater root volume (33 mm3 cm–3) than wheat (27 mm3 cm–3), but under high-water conditions, root volumes were 27 mm3 cm–3 for the Brassicas and 32 mm3 cm–3 for wheat. Pulses had greatest root volumes under both low- (40 mm3 cm–3) and high- (42 mm3 cm–3) water conditions, with largest root diameters among crops evaluated, whereas flax the smallest. Rotating the shallower but larger diameter, thicker-rooting pulses with deeper but smaller diameter, thinner-rooting oilseeds or wheat may increase water- and nutrient-use efficiency at the system level.
Additional keywords: Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, drought, oilseeds, pulses, root growth patterns, rooting depth, rooting systems, vertical distribution.
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