Genotype by environment studies across Australia reveal the importance of phenology for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) improvement
J. D. Berger A H , N. C. Turner A B , K. H. M. Siddique A , E. J. Knights C , R. B. Brinsmead D , I. Mock E , C. Edmondson F and T. N. Khan A GA Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
B CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
C NSW Agriculture, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, RMB 944 Calala Lane, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
D Fomerly of QDPI Hermitage Research Station, Warwick, Qld 4370, Australia.
E Victorian Department of Primary Industries Mallee Research Station, Walpeup, Vic. 3507, Australia.
F Fomerly of SARDI Minnipa Agricultural Centre, Box 31, Minnipa, SA 5654, Australia.
G Department of Agriculture, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
H Corresponding author; email: Jens.Berger@csiro.au
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(10) 1071-1084 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR04104
Submitted: 14 May 2004 Accepted: 18 August 2004 Published: 25 October 2004
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes comprising released cultivars, advanced breeding lines, and landraces of Australian, Mediterranean basin, Indian, and Ethiopian origin were evaluated at 5 representative sites (Merredin, WA; Minnipa, SA; Walpeup, Vic.; Tamworth, NSW; Warwick, Qld) over 2 years. Data on plant stand, early vigour, phenology, productivity, and yield components were collected at each site.
Site yields ranged from 0.3 t/ha at Minnipa in 1999 to 3.5 t/ha at Warwick in 1999. Genotype by environment (G × E) interaction was highly significant. Principal components analysis revealed contrasting genotype interaction behaviour at dry, low-yielding sites (Minnipa 1999, Merredin 2000) and higher rainfall, longer growing-season environments (Tamworth 2000). Genotype clusters performing well under stress tended to yield well at all sites except Tamworth in 2000, and were characterised by early phenology and high harvest index, but were not different in terms of biomass or early vigour. Some of these traits were strongly influenced by germplasm origin. The material with earliest phenology came from Ethiopia, and southern and central India, with progressively later material from northern India and Australia, and finally the Mediterranean. There was a delay between the onset of flowering and podding at all sites, which was related to average temperatures immediately post-anthesis (r = –0.81), and therefore larger in early flowering material (>30 days at some sites). Harvest index was highest in Indian and Ethiopian germplasm, whereas crop height was greatest in Australian and Mediterranean accessions. Some consistently high yielding genotypes new to the Australian breeding program were identified (ICCV 10, BG 362), and the existing cultivar Lasseter was also confirmed to be very productive.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Australia, for their generous research support. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the CGIAR system, and plant breeders in Australia and India are thanked for the use of their germplasm. This work could not have been attempted without considerable technical assistance at each of our trial sites. The authors thank Ms Christiane Ludwig, Ms Rebecca Tideswell, Ms Rebecca Tippett, Ms Leanne Young, Mr Allan Harris (Western Australia); Ms Lisa Bennie, Ms Wendy Payne (South Australia); Mr Ashley Corbett (Victoria); Mr Gavin Potter (NSW); and Mr William Martin (Queensland). Finally, Ms Jane Speijers and Prof. Peter Clarke (DAWA) are thanked for their statistical input, particularly for the ongoing discussion on the use of multivariate analysis for visualising G × E interaction.
Abbo S,
Berger JD, Turner NC
(2003) Evolution of cultivated chickpea: four genetic bottlenecks limit diversity and constrain crop adaptation. Functional Plant Biology 30, 1081–1087.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
AWB Seeds (2003).
Berger JD,
Abbo S, Turner NC
(2003) Ecogeography of annual wild Cicer species: the poor state of the world collection. Crop Science 43, 1076–1090.
Clarke HJ,
Khan TN, Siddique KHM
(2004) Pollen selection for chilling tolerance at hybridisation leads to improved chickpea cultivars. Euphytica, (in press). ,
Clarke HJ, Siddique KHM
(2004) Response of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress during reproductive development. Field Crops Research, (in press). ,
Clewett, JF ,
Clarkson, NM ,
George, DA ,
Ooi, SH ,
Owens, DT ,
Partridge, IJ ,
and
Simpson, GB (2003).
Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology (2003).
Coombes N
(2002) Excavating for designs: SpaDes to DiGGer, spatial design search. ‘Australasian Genstat Conference’. Busselton, W. Aust. (Ed. P Clarke )
http://atlas-conferences.com/cgi-bin/abstract/cajn-59
DeLacy IH, Basford KE, Cooper M, Bull JK, McLaren CG
(1996) Analysis of multi-environment trials—an historical perspective. ‘Plant adaptation and crop improvement’. (Eds M Cooper, GL Hammer)
pp. 39–124. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
FAO (2002).
Fox PN, Rosielle AA
(1982) Reducing the influence of environmental main-effects on pattern analysis of plant breeding environments. Euphytica 31, 645–656.
| Crossref |
GenStat (2002).
Khan TN, Siddique KHM
(2000) Registration of ‘Heera’ chickpea. Crop Science 40, 1501–1502.
Khanna-Chopra R, Sinha SK
(1987) Chickpea: physiological aspects of growth and yield. ‘The chickpea’. (Eds MC Saxena, KB Singh)
pp. 163–190. (CAB International: Aleppo, Syria)
Knights EJ, Siddique KHM
(2002) Chickpea status and production constraints in Australia. ‘Integrated management of grey mould of chickpea in Bangladesh and Australia’. Joydepur, Gazipur, Bangladesh.,(Eds M Abu Bakr, KHM Siddique, C Johansen)
pp. 33–41. (BARI: Joydepur, Bangladesh, and Crawley, W. Aust.)
Leport L,
Turner NC,
French RJ,
Barr MD,
Duda R,
Davies SL,
Tennant D, Siddique KHM
(1999) Physiological responses of chickpea genotypes to terminal drought in a Mediterranean type environment. European Journal of Agronomy 11, 279–291.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leport L,
Turner NC,
French RJ,
Tennant D,
Thomson BD, Siddique KHM
(1998) Water relations, gas exchange and growth of cool-season grain legumes in a Mediterranean-type environment. European Journal of Agronomy 9, 295–303.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loss, SP ,
Brandon, N ,
and
Siddique, KHM (Eds) (1998).
Ludlow MM
(1989) Strategies of response to water stress. ‘Structural and functional responses to environmental stresses’. (Eds KH Kreeb, H Ritcher, TM Hinckley)
(SPB Academic Publishing: Gravenhage, The Netherlands)
van der Maesen, LJG (1972).
Morgan JM,
Rodriguez-Maribona B, Knights EJ
(1991) Adaptation to water deficit in chickpea breeding lines by osmoregulation: relationship to grain yields in the field. Field Crops Research 27, 61–70.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Siddique KHM, Brinsmead RB, Knight R, Knights EJ, Paull JG, Rose IA
(1997) Adaptation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Australia. ‘Linking research and marketing opportunities for pulses in the 21st Century’. Adelaide, S. Aust.,(Ed. R Knight)
pp. 289–303. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Siddique KHM, Khan TN
(2000) Registration of ‘Sona’ chickpea. Crop Science 40, 1200.
Siddique KHM,
Loss SP,
Regan KL, Jettner RL
(1999) Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 375–387.
Siddique KHM, Loss SP, Thomson BD
(2002) Cool season grain legumes in dryland Mediterranean environments of Western Australia: significance of early flowering. ‘Management of agricultural drought’. (Ed. NP Saxena)
pp. 151–162. (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH)
Siddique KHM,
Regan KL,
Tennant D, Thomson BD
(2001) Water use and water use efficiency of cool season grain legumes in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments. European Journal of Agronomy 15, 267–280.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Siddique KHM, Sedgley RH
(1986) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) a potential grain legume for southwestern Australia: seasonal growth and yield. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 245–262.
| Crossref |
Silim SN, Saxena MC
(1993) Adaptation of spring-sown chickpea to the Mediterranean Basin. 2. Factors influencing yield under drought. Field Crops Research 34, 137–146.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
SPSS (2002).
Srinivasan A,
Johansen C, Saxena NP
(1998) Cold tolerance during early reproductive growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): characterization of stress and genetic variation in pod set. Field Crops Research 57, 181–193.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomson B, Siddique K
(1997) Grain legumes species in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments: II. Canopy development, radiation interception, and dry matter production. Field Crops Research 54, 189–199.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomson B,
Siddique K,
Barr M, Wilson J
(1997) Grain legumes species in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments: I. Phenology and seed yield. Field Crops Research 54, 173–187.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner NC
(1979) Drought resistance and adaptation to water defecits in crop plants. ‘Stress physiology in crop plants’. (Eds H Mussel, R Staples, TM Hinckley)
pp. 343–372. (John Wiley: New York)
Yadav SS, Kumar J, Turner NC
(2002) Breeding for resistance to moisture stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). ‘12th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference: Plant Breeding for the 11th Millennium’. Perth, W.A. (Ed. JA McComb )
pp. 240–242. (Australasian Plant Breeding Assoc. Inc.: Perth, W. Aust.)
Zhang H,
Pala M,
Oweis T, Harris H
(2000) Water use and water use efficiency of chickpea and lentil in a Mediterranean environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 295–304.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
