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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 55(10)

Effect of annual pasture composition, plant density, soil fertility and drought on vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)

P. M. Dowling A D , A. R. Leys B , B. Verbeek C , G. D. Millar A , D. Lemerle C and H. I. Nicol A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.

B Department of Environment and Conservation, PO Box 1967, Hurstville, NSW 2220, Australia.

C NSW Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Research Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.

D Corresponding author; email: peter.dowling@agric.nsw.gov.au

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(10) 1097-1107 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR04032
Submitted: 10 February 2004  Accepted: 1 September 2004   Published: 25 October 2004

Abstract

Vulpia is a widespread weed of temperate Australian pastures, and readily replaces more productive species. Short-term management of vulpia is possible with herbicides but densities rapidly increase in poorly competitive pastures after herbicide application. A field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW, examined the effect of 2 fertility levels and 4 pasture types [subterranean clover sown at 1, 25, 100 kg/ha, and subterranean clover (25 kg/ha) + annual ryegrass (20 kg/ha)] on 2 densities of vulpia (50,5 500 plants/m2) from 1990 to 1994. Initially vulpia plant density was inversely related to sowing rate of subterranean clover, but over time this effect declined as the subterranean clover populations converged. Presence of annual ryegrass always resulted in lower vulpia plant, panicle and seed densities compared with treatments where subterranean clover only was present. Respective densities per m2 in 1993 for the average of the subterranean clover monocultures and for annual ryegrass plus subterranean clover were: plant 1315 v. 265; panicle 6700 v. 130; seed 542 400 v. 3460. The effect of drought in 1994 and presence of annual ryegrass were shown to significantly lower the sustainable population of vulpia at Wagga Wagga from 5000–6000 to <1000 plants/m2. The short-term nature of herbicide application for control, and the need to ensure that competitive species were present to slow recruitment of vulpia in any long-term management strategy, were highlighted.

Additional keywords: annual ryegrass, subterranean clover, recruitment, pasture-weed competition.


Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Mr B. Hunter and Ms P. Hart for doing the plant measurements; Dr B. Cullis for experimental design and initial data analysis; Dr G. Murray for access to soil water data; and Dr B. Dear for supervision of the experiment for periods post-1992.


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