A Combined Scanning Electron Micrograph and Electrochemical Study of the Effect of Chemical Interaction on the Cyclability of Lithium Electrodes in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Andrew Basile A B , Anand I. Bhatt A C and Anthony P. O’Mullane B CA CSIRO Energy Technology, PO Box 312, Clayton South, Vic. 3169, Australia.
B School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
C Corresponding authors. Email: anand.bhatt@csiro.au; anthony.omullane@rmit.edu.au
Australian Journal of Chemistry 65(11) 1534-1541 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH12334
Submitted: 16 July 2012 Accepted: 19 September 2012 Published: 24 October 2012
Abstract
The effect of storage time on the cyclability of lithium electrodes in an ionic liquid electrolyte, namely 0.5 m LiBF4 in N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, [C3mpyr+][FSI–], was investigated. A chemical interaction was observed which is time dependent and results in a morphology change of the Li surface due to build up of passivation products over a 12‐day period. The formation of this layer significantly impacts on the Li electrode resistance before cycling and the charging/discharging process for symmetrical Li|0.5 m LiBF4 in [C3mpyr+][FSI–]|Li coin cells. Indeed it was found that introducing a rest period between cycling, and thereby allowing the chemical interaction between the Li electrode and electrolyte to take place, also impacted on the charging/discharging process. For all Li surface treatments the electrode resistance decreased after cycling and was due to significant structural rearrangement of the surface layer. These results suggest that careful electrode pretreatment in a real battery system will be required before operation.
References
[1] J.-M. Tarascon, M. Armand, Nature 2001, 414, 359.| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFGitrY%3D&md5=631ce6963581bf06140b90b0a837ee48CAS |
[2] B. L. Ellis, K. Y. Lee, L. F. Nazar, Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 691.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnsVynsA%3D%3D&md5=c7b7e1ff89d38438f43e6aa2e2247846CAS |
[3] A. Kraytsberg, Y. Ein-Eli, J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 886.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlGnurbK&md5=0eab0066a06bbc873762a5e06ed4a25bCAS |
[4] R. Bhattacharyya, B. Key, H. Chen, A. S. Best, A. F. Hollenkamp, C. P. Grey, Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 504.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlWru78%3D&md5=8a99c6c2c703000db9eac6f0f3296706CAS |
[5] E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc.: Electrochem. Sci. Tech. 1979, 2047.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXms1Knsg%3D%3D&md5=9a0a04d7bad7469362443078e7e4c653CAS |
[6] I. T. Lucas, E. Pollak, R. Kostecki, Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 2157.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlOrtrfK&md5=f3d2f7b53cb6faf952dfa8d62d9ac9f4CAS |
[7] C. C. Nguyen, S.-W. Song, Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 1593.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlehsbvK&md5=456dc25f536e3faeff8661357aae9cecCAS |
[8] D. Aurbach, I. Weissman, A. Schechter, H. Cohen, Langmuir 1996, 12, 3991.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XktlWmsLg%3D&md5=41ee2e0ebf6cc927d46456f6a2e35d98CAS |
[9] M. Moshkovich, M. Cojocaru, H. E. Gottlieb, D. Aurbach, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 497, 84.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFSltQ%3D%3D&md5=9da95eb1137af717ee055788b9b08d29CAS |
[10] P. Verma, P. Maire, P. Novák, Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 6332.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVajsbvM&md5=3877b966455f049386f46bf76357d922CAS |
[11] M. Armand, F. Endres, D. R. MacFarlane, H. Ohno, B. Scrosati, Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 621.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXovFSisr0%3D&md5=b29438e823a2cc3014e37619f6be17baCAS |
[12] A. I. Bhatt, G. A. Snook, G. H. Lane, R. J. Rees, A. S. Best, in Electrochemical Properties and Applications of Ionic Liquids (Eds A. A. J. Torriero, M. J. A. Shiddiky) 2010, Ch. 11, pp. 299–324 (Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY).
[13] A. Lewandowski, A. Swiderska-Mocek, L. Waliszewski, J. Solid State Electrochem. 2012, 16, 3391.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlektLzL&md5=91e5850d30e7e706323c590c0c14baebCAS |
[14] A. Budi, A. Basile, G. Opletal, A. F. Hollenkamp, A. S. Best, R. J. Rees, A. I. Bhatt, A. P. O’Mullan, S. P. Russo, J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 19789.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1eksL3M&md5=fd468ddd045645469f921c76f9718bfcCAS |
[15] A. I. Bhatt, A. S. Best, J. Huang, A. F. Hollenkamp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, A66.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFagurzI&md5=36a67d2b2c46c126144354bad3574803CAS |
[16] A. S. Best, A. I. Bhatt, A. F. Hollenkamp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, A903.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXos1GltLs%3D&md5=a775904a0e542affdd6e0862440ef15dCAS |
[17] E. Paillard, Q. Zhou, W. A. Henderson, G. B. Appetecchi, M. Montanino, S. Passerine, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, A891.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1WrsLjO&md5=17c968e743ce4afb1916cb48734c22b7CAS |
[18] G. V. Zhuang, H. Yang, P. N. Ross, K. Xu, T. R. Jow, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2006, 9, A64.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XptVersg%3D%3D&md5=bb6177846a541e9d6105cb10c1293580CAS |
[19] K. Kanamura, H. Tamura, S. Shiraishi, Z. Takehara, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 340.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjs1Kjt74%3D&md5=775b056b87109147779721ed2f113bacCAS |
[20] P. C. Howlett, N. Brack, A. F. Hollenkamp, M. Forsyth, D. R. MacFarlane, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A595.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlOjtLk%3D&md5=498903bc0fca9e34d4849270ee1c4f06CAS |
[21] M. Herlem, C. Mathieu, D. Herlem, Fuel 2004, 83, 1665.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvFOgtr8%3D&md5=14220fe54a3fed475084025351367bacCAS |
[22] I. Martin, P. Vinatier, A. Levassuer, J. C. Dupin, D. Gonbeau, J. Power Sources 1999, 81–82, 306.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[23] A. I. Bhatt, P. Kao, A. S. Best, A. F. Hollenkamp, in ECS Transactions, Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 18, 2012, Vol. 50(11), pp. 383–401 (The Electrochemical Society: Pennington, NJ).
