Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Australian Journal of Chemistry Australian Journal of Chemistry Society
An international journal for chemical science
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Controlled Delivery of Levothyroxine Using Porous Silicon as a Drug Nanocontainer

Soheila Kashanian A D , Elham Rostami B , Frances J. Harding C , Steven J. P. McInnes C , Sameer Al-Bataineh C and Nicolas H. Voelcker C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC) and Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Razi University, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran.

B Department of Chemistry, Bandar Jask Branch,Islamic Azad University, Bandar Jask, Iran.

C ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.

D Corresponding authors. Emails: nico.voelcker@unisa.edu.au; kashanian_s@yahoo.com

Australian Journal of Chemistry 69(2) 204-211 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH15315
Submitted: 31 May 2015  Accepted: 10 July 2015   Published: 31 August 2015

Abstract

Porous silicon (pSi) materials are regarded as promising drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility, in vivo degradation, and resorption. We examine pSi films as a platform for the controlled delivery of levothyroxine, as a means to overcome problems with consistent dosage of this drug by oral administration. Oxidized pSi films were modified with 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), creating a surface chemistry that increased levothyroxine drug loading capacity by 50 % and sustained drug release under physiological conditions for 14 days. Release kinetics from APTES-functionalized films initially followed a zero-order release profile, which is highly desirable for drug delivery. The loading and release profiles of levothyroxine suggest that the film size required to deliver a therapeutic dose is feasible for further consideration as an implantable delivery system.


References

[1]  T. Bjoro, J. Holmen, O. Kruger, K. Midthjell, K. Hunstad, T. Schreiner, L. Sandnes, H. Brochmann, Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2000, 143, 639.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovFCnsbo%3D&md5=9877284b776ca27d6779bc03efc22e73CAS | 11078988PubMed |

[2]  M. Empson, V. Flood, G. Ma, C. J. Eastman, P. Mitchell, Intern. Med. J. 2007, 37, 448.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1GjsLc%3D&md5=d66691cf78695e3041b371eed3ac7e2eCAS | 17547723PubMed |

[3]  P. H. Stern, in Bone-Metabolic Functions and Modulators, (Eds F. Bronner, M. C. Farach-Carson, H. I. Roach) 2012, pp. 69–86 (Springer-Verlag, London).

[4]  V. A. Blakesley, AAPS J. 2005, 7, E42.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltlOqsbc%3D&md5=f59cdcbf6d05de3077df301728209e89CAS | 16146348PubMed |

[5]  S. J. Mandel, G. A. Brent, P. R. Larsen, Ann. Intern. Med. 1993, 119, 492.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3szmt1yitw%3D%3D&md5=d136b62e003f2bba8440bac747134c1cCAS | 8357116PubMed |

[6]  E. N. Pearce, A. P. Farwell, L. E. Braverman, N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 2646.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12826640PubMed |

[7]  M. Ohmori, K. Harada, S. Tsuruoka, K. Sugimoto, E. Kobayashi, A. Fujimura, Endocr. J. 1999, 46, 579.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fks1Oiug%3D%3D&md5=5c4930b214280355d2c62903d2087283CAS | 10580751PubMed |

[8]  Commission on Human Medicine Levothyroxine Tablet Products: A Review of Clinical & Quality Considerations, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK), 2013.

[9]  I. Kocic, I. Homsek, M. Dacevic, S. Grbic, J. Parojcic, K. Vucicevic, M. Prostran, B. Miljkovic, Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 2012, 33, 146.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XktVartr0%3D&md5=3ba058991a296c78e094de8d29f67324CAS | 22374714PubMed |

[10]  L. Liwanpo, J. M. Hershman, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 23, 781.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsV2ktr3K&md5=221cfc9258c41cd70855763cc179f9afCAS | 19942153PubMed |

[11]  R. Vita, G. Saraceno, F. Trimarchi, S. Benvenga, Endocrine 2013, 43, 154.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1KkurbK&md5=e37fb7e26da5e157beac08f4953b44f7CAS | 22932947PubMed |

[12]  D. Collins, R. Wilcox, M. Nathan, R. Zubarik, Am. J. Med. 2012, 125, 278.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22340926PubMed |

[13]  S. Benvenga, L. Bartolone, M. A. Pappalardo, A. Russo, D. Lapa, G. Giorgianni, G. Saraceno, F. Trimarchi, Thyroid 2008, 18, 293.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjt1Gju74%3D&md5=8aac8166af3b56477d3d264b68fe6a74CAS | 18341376PubMed |

[14]  T. G. Bach-Huynh, B. Nayak, J. Loh, S. Soldin, J. Jonklaas, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 94, 3905.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht12ru7nE&md5=999f6a14b36dbe376d555c74e05a01fdCAS | 19584184PubMed |

[15]  S. Benvenga, L. Bartolone, S. Squadrito, F. Lo Giudice, F. Trimarchi, Thyroid 1995, 5, 249.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FovVShuw%3D%3D&md5=a3d4956dfb55c905361c00a2d03270dfCAS | 7488863PubMed |

[16]  E. Stone, L. A. Leiter, J. R. Lambert, J. D. Silverberg, K. N. Jeejeebhoy, G. N. Burrow, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1984, 59, 139.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3htlSitQ%3D%3D&md5=1e8dde1fd4446dc7fa688e111496b07bCAS | 6725518PubMed |

[17]  J. V. Hennessey, Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 2, 474.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVSrsrrJ&md5=a4ac227ecd3c0c4a0bcec33900ab336eCAS | 16957756PubMed |

[18]  L. H. Fish, H. L. Schwartz, J. Cavanaugh, M. W. Steffes, J. P. Bantle, J. H. Oppenheimer, N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 316, 764.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ksVCrsA%3D%3D&md5=3bf71def3457a6de39dffeada2132b6aCAS | 3821822PubMed |

[19]  W. L. Green, AAPS J. 2005, 7, E54.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltlOqtr8%3D&md5=fc177b458df75e83dd8727fd59ee81e8CAS | 16146330PubMed |

[20]  C. Padula, A. Pappani, P. Santi, Int. J. Pharm. 2008, 349, 161.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCitw%3D%3D&md5=0267defe908236c3e06b9be7483b5e16CAS | 17931806PubMed |

[21]  C. Padula, S. Nicoli, P. Santi, Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 372, 12.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXks12is7w%3D&md5=8a625761a8acb5578c7b6639654e2af0CAS | 19162148PubMed |

[22]  A. F. Azarbayjani, J. V. Khu, Y. W. Chan, S. Y. Chan, Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 2011, 32, 380.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtF2gs73N&md5=8f88689d31cd1e27ec5d9f4ae23602eaCAS | 21815171PubMed |

[23]  A. F. Azarbayjani, J. R. Venugopal, S. Ramakrishna, P. F. C. Lim, Y. W. Chan, S. Y. Chan, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 13, 400.
         | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Gnt7vM&md5=e2e47cc4d207368dbfb4c48a2075194cCAS | 21092712PubMed |

[24]  E. J. Anglin, L. Cheng, W. R. Freeman, M. J. Sailor, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, 1266.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosVOnsrs%3D&md5=090d8dbdfb4bae05d44a4c3835968523CAS | 18508154PubMed |

[25]  J. Salonen, V.-P. Lehto, Chem. Eng. J. 2008, 137, 162.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitFamtbc%3D&md5=0842d5fd61a1048ed76a5d6c56d5716dCAS |

[26]  J. S. Andrew, E. J. Anglin, E. C. Wu, M. Y. Chen, L. Cheng, W. R. Freeman, M. J. Sailor, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 4168.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFClurvJ&md5=6b8dade2a376d2c1468bb7a21ac0649dCAS | 21274422PubMed |

[27]  A. Foraker, R. Walczak, M. Cohen, T. Boiarski, C. Grove, P. Swaan, Pharm. Res. 2003, 20, 110.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXoslKgsg%3D%3D&md5=f25e0bed5ddc5656e41d44dc07264295CAS | 12608544PubMed |

[28]  C. Charnay, S. B. Gu, C. T.-P. Teilh, L. Nicole, D. A. Lerner, J. M. Devoisselle, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004, 57, 533.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1Shtb8%3D&md5=f02a8960ea40479c2bdce1be90cb00c0CAS | 15093603PubMed |

[29]  J. L. Coffer, J.-L. Montchamp, J. B. Aimone, R. P. Weis, Phystat. Sol. A 2003, 197, 336.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsFKhurs%3D&md5=d52d359c8930fc59b136aaf0570f71abCAS |

[30]  J. Salonen, L. Laitinen, A. M. Kaukonen, J. Tuura, M. Borkqvist, T. Heikkila¨, K. V. Heikkila, J. Hirvonen, V.-P. Lehto, J. Control. Release 2005, 108, 362.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1aiu7bL&md5=39f0ce9946142bbc5d2cd587c30ef259CAS | 16169628PubMed |

[31]  L. Vaccari, D. Canton, N. Zaffaroni, R. Villa, M. Tormen, E. di Fabrizio, Microelectron. Eng. 2006, 83, 1598.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsFGhur0%3D&md5=75c991830e214f3f423a616ec7ee897bCAS |

[32]  R. B. Vasani, S. J. P. McInnes, M. A. Cole, A. M. M. Jani, A. V. Ellis, N. H. Voelcker, Langmuir 2011, 27, 7843.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtlymtbY%3D&md5=6f24046bee571c0dba0a00f28a3aaccaCAS | 21604788PubMed |

[33]  T. Limnell, J. Riikonen, J. Salonen, A. M. Kaukonen, L. Laitinen, J. Hirvonen, V.-P. Lehto, Int. J. Pharm. 2007, 343, 141.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpsl2itb4%3D&md5=2f7ed80b53399ca6e47015ad691255aaCAS | 17600644PubMed |

[34]  K. L. Jarvis, T. J. Barnes, C. A. Prestidge, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 175, 25.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmsFelsb0%3D&md5=9c0389dc0b4e0c3ad66422404e88f3d9CAS | 22521238PubMed |

[35]  S. P. Low, K. A. Williams, L. T. Canham, N. H. Voelcker, Biomaterials 2006, 27, 4538.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltVOrsb0%3D&md5=f745fc8917b4ef6b0e9d63b1bae0aa79CAS | 16707158PubMed |

[36]  R. M. Pasternack, S. Rivillon Amy, Y. J. Chabal, Langmuir 2008, 24, 12963.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1yiurrJ&md5=76aabb8bda2d1f7d4e06a2511272a0acCAS | 18942864PubMed |

[37]  S. A. Mirji, S. B. Halligudi, N. Mathew, V. Ravi, N. E. Jacob, K. R. Patil, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2006, 287, 51.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotFamtL0%3D&md5=77d0e968ad17718a4aea012dd60b1b77CAS |

[38]  Y. L. Khung, S. D. Graney, N. H. Voelcker, Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22, 1388.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntFCqurk%3D&md5=edae0db8846f981412c5ea7884c16d7eCAS | 17022678PubMed |

[39]  E. De Tommasi, L. De Stefano, I. Rea, V. Di Sarno, L. Rotiroti, P. Arcari, A. Lamberti, C. Sanges, I. Rendina, Sensors 2008, 8, 6549.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVyrtbfF&md5=989160b1ae416c93e6b6f36f70f64ef6CAS |

[40]  D. Xu, L. Sun, H. Li, L. Zhang, G. Guo, X. Zhao, L. Gui, New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 300.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvFegsQ%3D%3D&md5=f9ac09d10a29a3d2e83bb8c3e01bb2eaCAS |

[41]  V. K. S. Hsiao, J. R. Waldeisen, Y. Zheng, P. F. Lloyd, T. J. Bunning, T. J. Huang, J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 4896.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlGhsbbI&md5=5db0dddec2e691873b3982f0d46c3d01CAS |

[42]  P.-Y. Wang, L. R. Clements, H. Thissen, S.-C. Hung, N.-C. Cheng, W.-B. Tsai, N. H. Voelcker, RSC Advances 2012, 2, 12857.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs12rsLbN&md5=53fe16b75b7fb4d6dc70c1d6dafe0de6CAS |

[43]  S. P. Low, N. H. Voelcker, L. T. Canham, K. A. Williams, Biomaterials 2009, 30, 2873.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsVCmtrg%3D&md5=8b68c4dac62d82b759c6e82e7769c430CAS | 19251317PubMed |

[44]  S. J. McInnes, H. Thissen, N. R. Choudhury, N. H. Voelcker, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 332, 336.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitFChs7s%3D&md5=f97406f2409f79d8041c41dbc08f930dCAS | 19200556PubMed |

[45]  W. Yan, V. K. S. Hsiao, Y. B. Zheng, Y. M. Shariff, T. Gao, T. J. Huang, Thin Solid Films 2009, 517, 1794.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVKrtbfF&md5=255d19142bd5f5d088e736067de13f91CAS |

[46]  T. Higuchi, J. Pharm. Sci. 1961, 50, 847.

[47]  A. W. Hixson, J. Crowell, Ind. Eng. Chem. 1931, 23, 923.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaA3MXksV2rtw%3D%3D&md5=b376a4a095cdad9ba26248f49c2cc071CAS |

[48]  S. Nie, W. L. Hsiao, W. Pan, Z. Yang, Int. J. Nanomedicine 2011, 6, 151.
         | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1Ohtrg%3D&md5=7bb272239182ea2114a5af40a6aa3a3aCAS | 21499415PubMed |

[49]  G. Poovi, U. D. Lekshmi, N. Narayanan, P. Reedy, Res. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011, 1, 12.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[50]  P. Costa, J. M. S. Lobo, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 13, 123.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisF2qs78%3D&md5=417f714b58c83fbebe80bef445c686b9CAS | 11297896PubMed |

[51]  J. Salonen, A. Kaukonen, J. Hirvonen, V.-P. Lehto, J. Pharm. Sci. 2008, 97, 632.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhvFaksrY%3D&md5=724d1ef37f3373533fddd2caaf758a53CAS | 17546667PubMed |

[52]  R. E. Serda, J. Gu, R. C. Bhavane, X. Liu, C. Chiappini, P. Decuzzi, M. Ferrari, Biomaterials 2009, 30, 2440.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisVCmsbo%3D&md5=e8acf445ccf53a37a287a85c2f879569CAS | 19215978PubMed |

[53]  S. J. McInnes, N. H. Voelcker, Future Med. Chem. 2009, 1, 1051.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVChs7%2FI&md5=37e4c841bf87d672dcf3a58f2d5d6e87CAS | 21425994PubMed |

[54]  S. J. McInnes, N. Voelcker, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2012, 7, 385.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22784812PubMed |

[55]  K. Zhang, S. L. Loong, S. Connor, S. W. Yu, S. Y. Tan, R. T. Ng, K. M. Lee, L. Canham, P. K. Chow, Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11, 7532.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFartbjJ&md5=13b500be2790e9edec591ef6944b6fd0CAS | 16243828PubMed |

[56]  J. Chhablani, A. Nieto, H. Hou, E. C. Wu, W. R. Freeman, M. J. Sailor, L. Cheng, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013, 54, 1268.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmtFahtLw%3D&md5=7715ccb341c26cac47b0c2c4ccb55df7CAS | 23322571PubMed |

[57]  E. J. Szili, A. Jane, S. P. Low, M. Sweetman, P. Macardle, S. Kumar, R. S. C. Smart, N. H. Voelcker, Sens. Actuators, B 2011, 160, 341.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVGms73I&md5=0e207ae857f24dcbe474244bf467b0c6CAS |

[58]  L. T. Canham, Properties of porous silicon 1997 (Short Run Press, London).

[59]  Y. Morachevsky, M. M. Piryutko, B. Acad. Sci. USSR CH+ 1956, 5, 917.