Cretaceous fire in Australia: a review with new geochemical evidence, and relevance to the rise of the angiosperms
Raymond J. Carpenter A B E , Alexander I. Holman C , Andrew D. Abell D and Kliti Grice C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
B School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
D Department of Chemistry and Centre of Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: raymond.carpenter@adelaide.edu.au
Australian Journal of Botany 64(8) 564-578 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT16109
Submitted: 26 May 2016 Accepted: 22 October 2016 Published: 15 November 2016
Abstract
Much of the Australian flora has high flammability. It is therefore of interest whether burning was a feature in the Cretaceous, the geological period in which angiosperms rose to dominance, and in which fossil and molecular evidence suggests the presence of lineages now prominent in regularly burnt habitats. Determining the extent of fire in the Australian Cretaceous is limited by a paucity of surface exposures of strata, and of published reports of definite charcoal from exploration cores. Nevertheless, charcoalified tissues occur much more widely than is currently reported in the international literature, and there are also numerous references to inertinite macerals in Australian Cretaceous coals. Combustion-related hydrocarbons can also be detected in ancient sediments using organic geochemical methods, and we demonstrate the potential of this approach here. Overall, the available evidence is in concert with that from elsewhere on Earth: fire was apparently widespread in the Australian Cretaceous, and can reasonably be invoked as a force that influenced the evolution of modern Australian environments. Just as in extant open, nutrient-limited regions, proteaceous lineages seem to have been important in burnt, open habitats in the Late Cretaceous, perhaps retaining dominance of such niches for >70 million years. However, there is so far no fossil evidence for the Cretaceous presence of Eucalyptus, the principal tree genus of modern Australian fire-prone vegetation.
Additional keywords: charcoal, fossil, inertinite, Proteaceae.
References
Abbassi S, George SC, Edwards DS, di Primio R, Horsfield B, Volk H (2014) Generation characteristics of Mesozoic syn- and post-rift source rocks, Bonaparte Basin, Australia: new insights from compositional kinetic modelling. Marine and Petroleum Geology 50, 148–165.| Generation characteristics of Mesozoic syn- and post-rift source rocks, Bonaparte Basin, Australia: new insights from compositional kinetic modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVKitrvO&md5=07abf51c984e7b307a2c5a4b8fb703ecCAS |
Abbassi S, Edwards DS, George SC, Volk H, Mahlstedt N, di Primio R, Horsfield B (2016) Petroleum potential and kinetic models for hydrocarbon generation from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene Latrobe Group coals and shales in the Gippsland Basin, Australia. Organic Geochemistry 91, 54–67.
| Petroleum potential and kinetic models for hydrocarbon generation from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene Latrobe Group coals and shales in the Gippsland Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhslyksbzP&md5=eee159de01ec3c14700382e8b98a60b0CAS |
Barnbaum D (1976) The geology of the Burrum Syncline, Maryborough Basin, southeast Queensland. Papers of the Department of Geology, University of Queensland 7, 1–45.
Belcher CM, Earsley Y, Hadden RM, McElwain JC, Rein G (2010) Baseline intrinsic flammability of Earth’s ecosystems estimated from paleoatmospheric oxygen over the past 350 million years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 22448–22453.
| Baseline intrinsic flammability of Earth’s ecosystems estimated from paleoatmospheric oxygen over the past 350 million years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkslSksg%3D%3D&md5=27a783941561761a413c29f9eff2580aCAS |
Bond WJ (2015) Fires in the Cenozoic: a late flowering of flammable ecosystems. Frontiers in Plant Science 5, 749
| Fires in the Cenozoic: a late flowering of flammable ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bond WJ, Midgley GF (2012) Fire and the angiosperm revolutions. International Journal of Plant Sciences 173, 569–583.
| Fire and the angiosperm revolutions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bond WJ, Scott AC (2010) Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous. New Phytologist 188, 1137–1150.
| Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bourbonniere RA, Meyers PA (1996) Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of Lakes Ontario and Erie. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 352–359.
| Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of Lakes Ontario and Erie.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bowman DMJS, French BJ, Prior LD (2014) Have plants evolved to self-immolate? Frontiers in Plant Science 5, 590
| Have plants evolved to self-immolate?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradstock RA, Williams RJ, Gill AM (2012) ‘Flammable Australia: fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world’. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Briguglio D, Kowalczyk J, Stilwell JD, Hall M, Coffa A (2013) Detailed paleogeographic evolution of the Bass Basin: Late Cretaceous to present. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 60, 719–734.
| Detailed paleogeographic evolution of the Bass Basin: Late Cretaceous to present.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtlaku7fJ&md5=33c86b50d6502ebc8c11775f160d21f1CAS |
Brown SA, Scott AC, Glasspool IJ, Collinson ME (2012) Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system. Cretaceous Research 36, 162–190.
| Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burger D (1993) Early and middle Cretaceous angiosperm pollen grains from Australia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 78, 183–234.
| Early and middle Cretaceous angiosperm pollen grains from Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bush RT, McInerney FA (2013) Leaf wax n-alkane distributions in and across modern plants: Implications for paleoecology and chemotaxonomy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 117, 161–179.
| Leaf wax n-alkane distributions in and across modern plants: Implications for paleoecology and chemotaxonomy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1Wht7%2FL&md5=9e1b5a5714a917142200a5f5c45cce56CAS |
Cantrill DJ (1989) ‘An Albian coniferous flora from the Otway Basin, Victoria: taxonomy, palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology.’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Botany, University of Melbourne)
Carpenter RJ, Macphail MK, Jordan GJ, Hill RS (2015) Fossil evidence for open, Proteaceae dominated heathlands and fire in the Late Cretaceous of Australia. American Journal of Botany 102, 2092–2107.
| Fossil evidence for open, Proteaceae dominated heathlands and fire in the Late Cretaceous of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chaffee AL, Fookes CJR (1988) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals – III. Structural elucidation by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Organic Geochemistry 12, 261–271.
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals – III. Structural elucidation by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXmtVyhtQ%3D%3D&md5=1563a7506328e8c76a3c3c067796adbeCAS |
Chaffee AL, Johns RB (1983) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals. I. Angularly fused pentacyclic tri- and tetraaromatic components of Victorian brown coal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 2141–2155.
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals. I. Angularly fused pentacyclic tri- and tetraaromatic components of Victorian brown coal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXovVClsQ%3D%3D&md5=f5f57da33fb71aa8059283ea6dd79c89CAS |
Chase JM (2003) Community assembly: when should history matter? Oecologia 136, 489–498.
| Community assembly: when should history matter?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chikaraishi Y, Naraoka H, Poulson SR (2004) Hydrogen and carbon isotopic fractionations of lipid biosynthesis among terrestrial (C3, C4 and CAM) and aquatic plants. Phytochemistry 65, 1369–1381.
| Hydrogen and carbon isotopic fractionations of lipid biosynthesis among terrestrial (C3, C4 and CAM) and aquatic plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlsVaku7k%3D&md5=d0f7a2b80ff610d8b205a2b284152eceCAS |
Cohen KM, Finney SC, Gibbard PL, Fan J-X (2013) The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36, 199–204.
Collister JW, Rieley G, Stern B, Eglinton G, Fry B (1994) Compound-specific δ13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms. Organic Geochemistry 21, 619–627.
| Compound-specific δ13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlslGhtr4%3D&md5=9aa532936954a322f28b3d241d54a20eCAS |
Crisp MD, Burrows GE, Cook LG, Thornhill AH, Bowman DMJS (2011) Flammable biomes dominated by eucalypts originated at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Nature Communications 2, 193
| Flammable biomes dominated by eucalypts originated at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dettmann ME (1986) Early Cretaceous palynoflora of subsurface strata correlative with the Koonwarra Fossil Bed, Victoria. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 3, 79–110.
Dettmann ME (1994) Cretaceous vegetation: the microfossil record. In ‘History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 143–170. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Dettmann ME, Jarzen DM (1990) The Antarctic/Australian rift valley: Late Cretaceous cradle of northeastern Australasian relicts? Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 65, 131–144.
| The Antarctic/Australian rift valley: Late Cretaceous cradle of northeastern Australasian relicts?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dettmann ME, Jarzen DM (1996) Pollen of proteaceous-type from latest Cretaceous sediments, southeastern Australia. Alcheringa 20, 103–160.
| Pollen of proteaceous-type from latest Cretaceous sediments, southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dettmann ME, Jarzen DM (1998) The early history of the Proteaceae in Australia: the pollen record. Australian Systematic Botany 11, 401–438.
| The early history of the Proteaceae in Australia: the pollen record.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dettmann ME, Molnar RE, Douglas JG, Burger D, Fielding C, Clifford HT, Francis J, Jell P, Rich T, Wade M, Rich PV, Pledge N, Kemp A, Rozefelds A (1992) Australian Cretaceous terrestrial faunas and floras: Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications. Cretaceous Research 13, 207–262.
| Australian Cretaceous terrestrial faunas and floras: Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diessel CFK (2010) The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite. International Journal of Coal Geology 81, 251–268.
| The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjs1ejsrY%3D&md5=a1f9a593e279edde69635ea1e4a784cfCAS |
Douglas JG (1965) A Mesozoic dicotyledonous leaf from the Yangery No. 1 bore Koroit, Victoria. Mining and Geological Journal 6, 64–67.
Douglas JG (1969) The Mesozoic floras of Victoria. Parts 1 and 2. Geological Survey of Victoria Memoir 28, 1–310.
Douglas JG (1994) Cretaceous vegetation: the macrofossil record. In ‘History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 171–188. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Doyle JA, Endress PK (2014) Integrating Early Cretaceous fossils into the phylogeny of living angiosperms: ANITA lines and relatives of Chloranthaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences 175, 555–600.
| Integrating Early Cretaceous fossils into the phylogeny of living angiosperms: ANITA lines and relatives of Chloranthaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doyle JA, Hickey LJ (1976) Pollen and leaves from the mid-Cretaceous Potomac Group and their bearing on angiosperm evolution. In ‘Origin and early evolution of angiosperms’. (Ed. CB Beck) pp. 139–206. (Columbia University Press: New York)
Drinnan AN, Chambers TC (1986) Flora of the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra fossil bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 3, 1–77.
Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1967) Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 156, 1322–1335.
| Leaf epicuticular waxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2sXks1Wmtbo%3D&md5=d6ae6d87372fc57ab1b83ed76ef57298CAS |
Eiserbeck C, Nelson RK, Grice K, Curiale J, Reddy CM, Raiteri P (2011) Separation of 18α(H)-, 18β(H)-oleanane and lupane by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 1218, 5549–5553.
| Separation of 18α(H)-, 18β(H)-oleanane and lupane by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptlCmsL8%3D&md5=930ba1fec00e5213d0a32e157deda536CAS |
Eklund H (2003) First Cretaceous flowers from Antarctica. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 127, 187–217.
| First Cretaceous flowers from Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eklund H, Cantrill D, Francis JE (2004) Late Cretaceous plant mesofossils from Table Nunatak, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 25, 211–228.
| Late Cretaceous plant mesofossils from Table Nunatak, Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fabbri D, Marynowski L, Fabiańska M, Zatoń M, Simoneit B (2008) Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites: geochemical and environmental implications. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 2957–2963.
| Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites: geochemical and environmental implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtFCqtb0%3D&md5=16c001a4fcf8b19b2718639f6d4a7b97CAS |
Falcon-Lang HJ, Cantrill DJ, Nicholls GJ (2001) Biodiversity and terrestrial ecology of a mid-Cretaceous high-latitude floodplain, Alexander Island, Antarctica. Journal of the Geological Society 158, 709–724.
| Biodiversity and terrestrial ecology of a mid-Cretaceous high-latitude floodplain, Alexander Island, Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Felton EA, Jackson KS (1987) Hydrocarbon generation potential in the Otway Basin, Australia. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics 10, 213–224.
Fletcher TL, Moss PT, Salisbury SW (2013) Foliar physiognomic climate estimates for the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Lark Quarry fossil flora, central-western Queensland, Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 61, 575–582.
| Foliar physiognomic climate estimates for the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Lark Quarry fossil flora, central-western Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frakes L (1999) Evolution of Australian environments. Flora of Australia 1, 163–203.
Friis EM, Crane PR, Pedersen KR (2011) ‘Early flowers and angiosperm evolution.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Fukami T (2015) Historical contingency in community assembly: integrating niches, species pools, and priority effects. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 46, 1–23.
| Historical contingency in community assembly: integrating niches, species pools, and priority effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gallagher SJ, Wagstaff BE, Baird JG, Wallace MW, Li CL (2008) Southern high latitude climate variability in the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world. Global and Planetary Change 60, 351–364.
| Southern high latitude climate variability in the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glasspool IJ, Scott AC (2010) Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal. Nature Geoscience 3, 627–630.
| Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtV2itrbI&md5=3dc913a78a4a00bc48eb7450ae5dac8eCAS |
Glasspool IJ, Scott AC (2013) Identifying past fire events. In ‘Fire phenomena and the Earth system: an interdisciplinary guide to fire science’. (Ed. CM Belcher) pp. 229–229. (Wiley: Cambridge)
Grice K, Brocks JJ (2011) Biomarkers (organic, compound-specific isotopes). In ‘Encyclopedia of Geobiology’. (Eds J Reitner, V Thiel) pp. 167–182. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Grice K, Backhouse J, Alexander R, Marshall N, Logan GA (2005) Correlating terrestrial signatures from biomarker distributions, δ13C, and palynology in fluvio-deltaic deposits from NW Australia (Triassic-Jurassic). Organic Geochemistry 36, 1347–1358.
| Correlating terrestrial signatures from biomarker distributions, δ13C, and palynology in fluvio-deltaic deposits from NW Australia (Triassic-Jurassic).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVamsr3L&md5=36012b65d5bcef6357298c7624a28965CAS |
Grice K, Nabbefeld B, Maslen E (2007) Source and significance of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments (Hovea-3 well, Perth Basin, Western Australia) spanning the Permian-Triassic boundary. Organic Geochemistry 38, 1795–1803.
| Source and significance of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments (Hovea-3 well, Perth Basin, Western Australia) spanning the Permian-Triassic boundary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Ghs73J&md5=ed5e6691ca3820f135aa6b036a280a27CAS |
Grice K, Lu H, Atahan P, Asif M, Hallman C, Greenwood PF, Maslen E, Tulipani S, Williford K, Dodson J (2009) New insights into the origin of perylene in geological samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 6531–6543.
| New insights into the origin of perylene in geological samples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFCktL7F&md5=70e296f0842d5f8610a82fdb5403b889CAS |
Grice K, Foster CB, Riding JB, Naehar S, Greenwood PF (2015) Vascular plant biomarker distributions and stable carbon isotopes from the Middle and Upper Jurassic (Callovian-Kimmeridgian) strata of Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, northwest Scotland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 440, 307–315.
| Vascular plant biomarker distributions and stable carbon isotopes from the Middle and Upper Jurassic (Callovian-Kimmeridgian) strata of Staffin Bay, Isle of Skye, northwest Scotland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grotheer H, Robert AM, Greenwood PF, Grice K (2015) Stability and hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during hydropyrolysis (HyPy) – relevance for high maturity organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 86, 45–54.
| Stability and hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during hydropyrolysis (HyPy) – relevance for high maturity organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFWisLvK&md5=3433c1f0dea2de6b4d793e395c229ec1CAS |
He T, Lamont BB, Downes KS (2011) Banksia born to burn. New Phytologist 191, 184–196.
| Banksia born to burn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hickey LJ, Doyle JA (1977) Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. Botanical Review 43, 3–104.
| Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill RS (1994) The history of selected Australian taxa. In ‘History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent’. (Ed. RS Hill) pp. 390–419. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Hill RS, Scriven LJ (1995) The angiosperm-dominated woody vegetation of Antarctica: a review. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 86, 175–198.
| The angiosperm-dominated woody vegetation of Antarctica: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holman A, Grice K, Jaraula CMB, Schimmelmann A, Brocks JJ (2012) Efficiency of extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Paleoproterozoic Here’s Your Chance Pb/Zn/Ag ore deposit and implications for a study of Bitumen II. Organic Geochemistry 52, 81–87.
| Efficiency of extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Paleoproterozoic Here’s Your Chance Pb/Zn/Ag ore deposit and implications for a study of Bitumen II.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFeku7nL&md5=31758686a117618a01d3364e4d5994f4CAS |
Hopper SD (2009) OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant and Soil 322, 49–86.
| OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVWisrnN&md5=d0720c0a20f305be47141a7bd7a7dfd6CAS |
Hughes NF, McDougall AB (1994) Search for antecedents of Early Cretaceous monosulcate columellate pollen. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 83, 175–183.
| Search for antecedents of Early Cretaceous monosulcate columellate pollen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson LAS, Briggs BG (1975) On the Proteaceae – the evolution and classification of a southern family. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 70, 83–182.
| On the Proteaceae – the evolution and classification of a southern family.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson KA, Morrison DA, Goldsack G (1994) Post-fire flowering patterns in Blandfordia nobilis (Liliaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 42, 49–60.
| Post-fire flowering patterns in Blandfordia nobilis (Liliaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jordan GJ, Carpenter RJ, Brodribb TJ (2014) Using fossil leaves as evidence for open vegetation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 395, 168–175.
| Using fossil leaves as evidence for open vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Korasidis VA, Wagstaff BE, Gallagher SJ, Duddy IR, Tosolini A-MP, Cantrill DJ, Norvick MS (2016) Early angiosperm diversification in the Albian of southeast Australia: implications for flowering plant radiation across eastern Gondwana. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 232, 61–80.
| Early angiosperm diversification in the Albian of southeast Australia: implications for flowering plant radiation across eastern Gondwana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laflamme RE, Hites RA (1979) Tetra- and pentacyclic, naturally-occurring, aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 1687–1691.
| Tetra- and pentacyclic, naturally-occurring, aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXpslSktw%3D%3D&md5=7a407c5f324a1db58b27b833e6c51828CAS |
Lambers H, Cawthray GR, Giavalisco P, Kuo J, Laliberté E, Pearse SJ, Scheible W-R, Stitt M, Teste F, Turner BL (2012) Proteaceae from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils extensively replace phospholipids with galactolipids and sulfolipids during leaf development to achieve a high photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency. New Phytologist 196, 1098–1108.
| Proteaceae from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils extensively replace phospholipids with galactolipids and sulfolipids during leaf development to achieve a high photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1Wjur%2FN&md5=b66536fac05aaac4af6ca7824410aaf1CAS |
Lambers H, Clode PL, Hawkins H-J, Laliberté E, Oliveira RS, Reddell P, Shane MW, Stitt M, Weston P (2015) Metabolic adaptations of the non-mycotrophic Proteaceae to soils with low phosphorus availability. Annual Plant Reviews 48, 289–336.
Lamont BB, He T (2012) Fire-adapted Gondwanan angiosperm floras evolved in the Cretaceous. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12, 223
| Fire-adapted Gondwanan angiosperm floras evolved in the Cretaceous.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee WG, Tanentzap AJ, Heenan PB (2012) Plant radiation history affects community assembly: evidence from the New Zealand alpine. Biology Letters 8, 558–561.
| Plant radiation history affects community assembly: evidence from the New Zealand alpine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loureiro MRB, Cardoso JN (1990) Aromatic hydrocarbons in the Paraiba Valley oil shale. Organic Geochemistry 15, 351–359.
| Aromatic hydrocarbons in the Paraiba Valley oil shale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXosFSgsw%3D%3D&md5=a180bc252fa3918423ebf710e488e0f6CAS |
Love GD, Bowden SA, Jahnke LL, Snape CE, Campbell CN, Day JG, Summons RE (2005) A catalytic hydropyrolysis method for the rapid screening of microbial cultures for lipid biomarkers. Organic Geochemistry 36, 63–82.
| A catalytic hydropyrolysis method for the rapid screening of microbial cultures for lipid biomarkers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVSiurrN&md5=c4cfa82c9b5c936f88415feae0ebee9fCAS |
Macphail MK (1997) Palynostratigraphy of Late Cretaceous to Tertiary basins in the Alice Springs district, Northern Territory. Geoscience Australia Record 1997/31.
Macphail MK (2007) ‘Australian palaeoclimates: Cretaceous to Tertiary – a review of palaeobotanical and related evidence to the year 2000.’ (Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration: Canberra)
Macphail MK, Truswell EM (1989) Palynostratigraphy of the central west Murray Basin. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics 11, 301–331.
Manfroi J, Lindner Dutra T, Gnaedinger S, Uhl D, Jasper A (2015) The first report of a Campanian palaeo-wildfire in the West Antarctic Peninsula. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 418, 12–18.
| The first report of a Campanian palaeo-wildfire in the West Antarctic Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marynowski L, Kubik R, Uhl D, Simoneit BRT (2014) Molecular composition of fossil charcoal and relationship with incomplete combustion of wood. Organic Geochemistry 77, 22–31.
| Molecular composition of fossil charcoal and relationship with incomplete combustion of wood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFKmsbnM&md5=110a098b71f506ae019a287bacccfcb3CAS |
Marzi R, Torkelson BE, Olson RK (1993) A revised carbon preference index. Organic Geochemistry 20, 1303–1306.
| A revised carbon preference index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtlykt7Y%3D&md5=4e1458d16355a47d1eed96e866f0a712CAS |
McLoughlin S, Drinnan AN, Rozefelds AC (1995) A Cenomanian flora from the Winton Formation, Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38, 273–313.
McLoughlin S, Tosolini A-M, Nagalingum N, Drinnan A (2002) Early Cretaceous (Neocomian) flora and fauna of the lower Strzelecki Group, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 26, 1–144.
McLoughlin S, Pott C, Elliott D (2010) The Winton Formation flora (Albian-Cenomanian, Eromanga Basin): implications for vascular plant diversification and decline in the Australian Cretaceous. Alcheringa 34, 303–323.
| The Winton Formation flora (Albian-Cenomanian, Eromanga Basin): implications for vascular plant diversification and decline in the Australian Cretaceous.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moldowan JM, Dahl J, Fago FJ, Hickey LJ, Peakman TM, Taylor DW (1994) The molecular fossil record of oleanane and its relation to angiosperms. Science 265, 768–771.
| The molecular fossil record of oleanane and its relation to angiosperms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlsFKlsLw%3D&md5=8727a125a97c4edef22816c625152cbaCAS |
Mucina L, Laliberté E, Thiele KR, Dodson JR, Harvey J (2014) Biogeography of kwongan: origins, diversity, endemism and vegetation patterns. In ‘Plant life on the sandplains in southwest Australia, a global biodiversity hotspot’. (Ed. H Lambers) pp. 35–79. (University of Western Australia Publishing: Perth)
Muir RA, Bordy EM, Prevec R (2015) Lower Cretaceous deposit reveals first evidence of a post-wildfire debris flow in the Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Cretaceous Research 56, 161–179.
| Lower Cretaceous deposit reveals first evidence of a post-wildfire debris flow in the Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nabbefeld B, Grice K, Summons RE, Hays LE, Cao C (2010) Significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Permian/Triassic boundary sections. Applied Geochemistry 25, 1374–1382.
| Significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Permian/Triassic boundary sections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVamt7jE&md5=c3085cd62d8b2585b65a9f9729b32783CAS |
Nagalingum NS, Drinnan AN, Lupia R, McLoughlin S (2002) Fern spore diversity and abundance in Australia during the Cretaceous. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 119, 69–92.
| Fern spore diversity and abundance in Australia during the Cretaceous.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Partridge AD (2006) Late Cretaceous palynology zonations for Australia. In ‘Australian Mesozoic and Cenozoic palynology zonations – updated to the 2004 Geologic Time Scale’. Geoscience Australia Record 2006/23.
Passalia MG (2007) A mid-Cretaceous flora from the Kachaike Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 28, 830–840.
| A mid-Cretaceous flora from the Kachaike Formation, Patagonia, Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pillans B (2007) Pre-Quaternary landscape inheritance in Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science 22, 439–447.
| Pre-Quaternary landscape inheritance in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pole MS (1999) Latest Albian–earliest Cenomanian monocotyledonous leaves from Australia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129, 177–186.
| Latest Albian–earliest Cenomanian monocotyledonous leaves from Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pole MS (2000) Dicotyledonous leaf macrofossils from the latest Albian–earliest Cenomanian of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Paleontological Research 4, 39–52.
Pole MS, Douglas JG (1999) Bennettitales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales from the mid Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Cretaceous Research 20, 523–538.
| Bennettitales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales from the mid Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pole M, Philippe M (2010) Cretaceous plant fossils of Pitt Island, the Chatham group, New Zealand. Alcheringa 34, 231–263.
| Cretaceous plant fossils of Pitt Island, the Chatham group, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Purnell HM (1960) Studies of the family Proteaceae. I. Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species. Australian Journal of Botany 8, 38–50.
| Studies of the family Proteaceae. I. Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robert AM, Grotheer H, Greenwood PF, McCuaig TC, Bourdet J, Grice K (2016) The hydropyrolysis (HyPy) release of hydrocarbon products from a high maturity kerogen associated with an orogenic Au deposit and their relationship to the mineral matrix. Chemical Geology 425, 127–144.
| The hydropyrolysis (HyPy) release of hydrocarbon products from a high maturity kerogen associated with an orogenic Au deposit and their relationship to the mineral matrix.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xis1ejsL4%3D&md5=e69c7bd97acc810ca1d6443c01925b3bCAS |
Scott AC (2000) The Pre-Quaternary history of fire. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 164, 281–329.
| The Pre-Quaternary history of fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scott AC (2010) Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291, 11–39.
| Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scott AC, Glasspool IJ (2007) Observations and experiments on the origin and formation of inertinite group macerals. International Journal of Coal Geology 70, 53–66.
| Observations and experiments on the origin and formation of inertinite group macerals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhvVCku70%3D&md5=ad2f4b3948951b0b05a4e73814a8056fCAS |
Seegets-Villiers DE (2012) ‘Palynology, taphonomy and geology of the Early Cretaceous Dinosaur Dreaming fossil site, Inverloch, Victoria, Australia.’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Geosciences, Monash University)
Simoneit BRT (2002) Biomass burning—a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion. Applied Geochemistry 17, 129–162.
| Biomass burning—a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotVaqtA%3D%3D&md5=eb77c51cdd1871e45c8f581670827ac2CAS |
Simoneit BRT, Schauer JJ, Nolte CG, Oros DR, Elias VO, Fraser MP, Rogge WF, Cass GR (1999) Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environment 33, 173–182.
| Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvVagtw%3D%3D&md5=5a6d2ca86e41ad147e01d2a18403f625CAS |
Specht RL, Dettmann ME, Jarzen DM (1992) Community associations and structure in the Late Cretaceous vegetation of southeast Australasia and Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94, 283–309.
| Community associations and structure in the Late Cretaceous vegetation of southeast Australasia and Antarctica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stout SA (1992) Aliphatic and aromatic triterpenoid hydrocarbons in a Tertiary angiospermous lignite. Organic Geochemistry 18, 51–66.
| Aliphatic and aromatic triterpenoid hydrocarbons in a Tertiary angiospermous lignite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhsFGhs74%3D&md5=e9f54f569392aa79c6e19f68bdaf080dCAS |
Suggate RP (1998) Analytical variation in Australian coals related to coal type and rank. International Journal of Coal Geology 37, 179–206.
| Analytical variation in Australian coals related to coal type and rank.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsl2mtbY%3D&md5=7454b1e9742ffe5aa0dab1b954ae5db0CAS |
Taylor DW, Hickey LJ (1990) An Aptian plant with attached leaves and flowers: implications for angiosperm origin. Science 247, 702–704.
| An Aptian plant with attached leaves and flowers: implications for angiosperm origin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvislygsQ%3D%3D&md5=ffb4eb1034203c93803d4996a210b78fCAS |
Taylor DW, Hickey LJ (1996) Evidence for and implications of an herbaceous origin for angiosperms. In ‘Flowering plant origin, evolution and phylogeny’. (Eds DW Taylor, LJ Hickey) pp. 232–266. (Chapman and Hall: New York)
ten Haven HL, Peakman TM, Rullkötter J (1992) Early diagenetic transformation of higher-plant triterpenoids in deep-sea sediments from Baffin Bay. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 2001–2024.
| Early diagenetic transformation of higher-plant triterpenoids in deep-sea sediments from Baffin Bay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltFGgur8%3D&md5=d630a194a9f775275973c6ae5266588dCAS |
Tosolini A-MP, Mcloughlin S, Drinnan AN (1999) Stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the Neocomian-Barremian lower Strzelecki Group, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, 951–970.
| Stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the Neocomian-Barremian lower Strzelecki Group, Gippsland Basin, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tosolini A-MP, McLoughlin S, Wagstaff BE, Cantrill DJ, Gallagher SJ (2015) Cheirolepidiacean foliage and pollen from Cretaceous high-latitudes of southeastern Australia. Gondwana Research 27, 960–977.
| Cheirolepidiacean foliage and pollen from Cretaceous high-latitudes of southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Truswell EM (1993) Australian rainforests: the 100 million year record. In ‘Australian tropical rainforests: science – values – meaning’. (Eds LJ Webb, J Kikkawa) pp. 7–22. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Tucker RT, Roberts EM, Kemp AIS, Salisbury SW (2013) Detrital zircon age constraints for the Winton Formation, Queensland: Contextualizing Australia’s Late Cretaceous dinosaur faunas. Gondwana Research 24, 767–779.
| Detrital zircon age constraints for the Winton Formation, Queensland: Contextualizing Australia’s Late Cretaceous dinosaur faunas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXit1emtb4%3D&md5=ec0feb6ece25abe6ca9229cae8e241a1CAS |
Tuite ML, Flannery DT, Williford KH (2016) Organic geochemistry of a high-latitude Lower Cretaceous lacustrine sediment sample from the Koonwarra Fossil Beds, South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 74, 73–79.
Twidale CR (2007) ‘Ancient Australian landscapes.’ (Rosenberg Publishing: Dural, NSW)
Van de Wetering N, Esterle J (2014) Short note: On petrographically differentiating the anatomical characteristics of saprotrophied and carbonised inertinite group macerals. International Journal of Coal Geology 131, 106–108.
| Short note: On petrographically differentiating the anatomical characteristics of saprotrophied and carbonised inertinite group macerals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht1Kitr%2FE&md5=3dc90581f4e2261190710b96607b873fCAS |
Veblen TT, Donoso C, Kitzberger T, Rebertus AJ (1996) Ecology of southern Chilean and Argentinean Nothofagus forests. In ‘Ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests’. (Eds TT Vebelen, RS Hill, J Read) pp. 293–353. (Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA)
Venkatesan MI, Dahl J (1989) Organic geochemical evidence for global fires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 338, 57–60.
| Organic geochemical evidence for global fires at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhsFOqtb0%3D&md5=9ef923bcadf667a58f94e52e7b1f173aCAS |
Volkman JK (2005) Sterols and other triterpenoids: source specificity and evolution of biosynthetic pathways. Organic Geochemistry 36, 139–159.
| Sterols and other triterpenoids: source specificity and evolution of biosynthetic pathways.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisFOntA%3D%3D&md5=62f5cd96e5232df0093be45090f63864CAS |
Wagstaff BE, Gallagher SJ, Lanigan KP (2006) Late Cretaceous palynological correlation and environmental analyses of fluvial reservoir facies of the Tuna Field, Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 138, 165–186.
| Late Cretaceous palynological correlation and environmental analyses of fluvial reservoir facies of the Tuna Field, Gippsland Basin, southeast Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watkins DK, Quilty PG, Mohr BA, Mao S, Francis JE, Gee CT, Coffin MF (1992) Palaeontology of the Cretaceous of the central Kerguelen Plateau. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 120, 951–960.
Weston PH (2007) Proteaceae. In ‘The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. IX’. (Ed. K Kubitzki) pp. 364–404. (Springer: Berlin)
Whiteside J, Grice K (2016) Biomarker records associated with mass extinction events. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44, 581–612.
| Biomarker records associated with mass extinction events.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtFSitrzM&md5=e5e0e6999ae85cdc1a0ddf06aab44e9aCAS |
Williford KH, Grice K, Holman A, McElwain JC (2014) An organic record of terrestrial ecosystem collapse and recovery at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in East Greenland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 127, 251–263.
| An organic record of terrestrial ecosystem collapse and recovery at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in East Greenland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtVyjsrs%3D&md5=138215c64a56daaf3651c9208fdd28e8CAS |
Wing SL, Boucher LD (1998) Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26, 379–421.
| Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsVSmtbw%3D&md5=7cb56e92ac81eece9680d9ec33d1810eCAS |
Zhou Y, Grice K, Stuart-Williams H, Farquhar GD, Hocart CH, Lu H, Liu W (2010) Biosynthetic origin of the saw-toothed profile in δ13C and δ2H of n-alkanes and systematic isotopic differences between n-, iso- and anteiso-alkanes in leaf waxes of land plants. Phytochemistry 71, 388–403.
| Biosynthetic origin of the saw-toothed profile in δ13C and δ2H of n-alkanes and systematic isotopic differences between n-, iso- and anteiso-alkanes in leaf waxes of land plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXitVOnu7o%3D&md5=0a8b5a7564d409ac93d4eed2fb298baaCAS |
