Lack of fire rather than pollinator absence may drive population decline in the critically endangered Banksia conferta (Proteaceae)
Stephen A. J. Bell
A * , Nigel Hunter B and Andrew Steed B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
B Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, PO Box 488G, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
Australian Journal of Botany 70(5) 372-383 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT21143
Submitted: 25 November 2021 Accepted: 25 July 2022 Published: 16 August 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context and aim: Stands of the critically endangered Banksia conferta in north-eastern New South Wales show low recruitment and were examined to elucidate whether pollinator absence or fire history best explained this.
Methods: Motion-detection cameras were deployed at three sites to identify potential pollinators, and age structure within stands and past follicle production were assessed through tree measurements and follicle counts.
Key results: In total, 691 fauna-triggered image sequences were recorded between June and December 2019. Six mammal and 10 bird species were detected, but only 10 of these were observed probing inflorescences. White-cheeked Honeyeater and Sugar Glider combined comprised 66% of all fauna interactions, and of all 400 Banksia probes, 45% were from White-cheeked Honeyeaters and 18% were by Sugar Gliders. Different size structures of B. conferta were evident at each site, consistent with older and younger populations post-fire. Significantly more Banksia individuals (5×) were present at the younger site, likely governing pollinator composition through interspecific competition within pollinator guilds, and past follicle production was also greater here.
Conclusions: Pollinator absence is not the cause of low recruitment in this population, and current stand structure and follicle production reflect past fire history. The three sites differed in their dominant fauna foragers, suggesting that B. conferta is a pollinator-generalist. Birds appear to operate as the key pollinating species during the day but are replaced by small mammals at night. Follicle production is higher in younger post-fire plants.
Implications: The absence of fire from older populations for over 55 years is of concern, and population decline seems likely without fire intervention.
Keywords: Banksia, Honeyeaters, mammals, pollinator, population decline, recruitment, threatened, wildfire.
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