Regarding the structure and possible function of the columella in seed cones of Callitroideae (Cupressaceae): a morpho-anatomical approach
Veit Martin Dörken A C and Armin Jagel B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of Konstanz, Fachbereich Biologie, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
B Danziger Str. 2, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
C Corresponding author. Email: veit.doerken@uni-konstanz.de
Australian Journal of Botany 65(5) 471-484 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT17043
Submitted: 10 March 2017 Accepted: 10 August 2017 Published: 5 September 2017
Abstract
‘Columella’-named structures in seed cones of callitroid Cupressaceae were investigated. In the past, the term columella was used for different structures, which should not be summarised and treated under the same name. We suggest that all apices should be called columella, which exclusively represent the prolonged tip of the cone axis and do not reach the periphery of the seed cone and do not take part in it. The three distal lobes in Fitzroya Lindl. represent a sterile, strongly reduced, distal whorl of cone scales and not naked nucelli or resin glands as suggested in former studies. They should not be termed columella. The columellae and also the three lobes in Fitzroya may play a role within the pollination process and possibly in the chemical defence against pathogens. The columella, as it is defined here, is not restricted to the Callitroideae and is also present in other Cupressaceae, including Cupressus L. and Thujopsis Siebold & Zucc.
Additional keywords: conifers, gymnosperms, evolution of plants, plant structure, reproduction.
References
Bresinsky A, Körner C, Kadereit JW, Neuhaus G, Sonnewald U (2008) ‘Strasburger, Lehrbuch der Botanik.’ (36th edn) (Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany)Dallimore W, Jackson AB (1966) ‘A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae.’ (Arnold: London)
den Ouden P, Boom BK (1965) ‘Manual of cultivated conifers hardy in the cold- and warm-temperate zone.’ (Martinus Nijhoff: The Hague, The Netherlands)
Dörken VM (2011) Proliferating seed cones in Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and Cheng (Cupressaceae s.l., Coniferales) elucidate the evolution of seed cones and ovules in Cupressaceae s.l. Feddes Repertorium 122, 409–420.
| Proliferating seed cones in Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and Cheng (Cupressaceae s.l., Coniferales) elucidate the evolution of seed cones and ovules in Cupressaceae s.l.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dörken VM, Jagel A (2014) Orientation and withdrawal of pollination drops in the Cupressaceae s.l. (Coniferales). Flora 209, 34–44.
| Orientation and withdrawal of pollination drops in the Cupressaceae s.l. (Coniferales).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dörken VM, Stützel T (2012a) Das Gymnospermenblatt – eine homologe Struktur? Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 97, 133–150.
Dörken VM, Stützel T (2012b) Morphology, anatomy and vasculature of leaves in Pinus (Pinaceae) and their evolutionary meaning. Flora 207, 57–62.
| Morphology, anatomy and vasculature of leaves in Pinus (Pinaceae) and their evolutionary meaning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doyle J (1934) The columella in the cone of Diselma. Annals of Botany os-48, 307–308.
| The columella in the cone of Diselma.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doyle J, Saxton WT (1933) Contribution to the life-history of Fitzroya. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B 41, 191–216.
Eckenwalder JE (2009) ‘Conifers of the world.’ (Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA)
Eschrich W (1995) ‘Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie.’ (Springer: Berlin)
Farjon A (1984) ‘Pines, drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus.’ (Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands)
Farjon A (2005) ‘A monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys.’ (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: Kew, UK)
Farjon A (2010) ‘A handbook of the world’s conifers. Vol. I and Vol. II.’ (Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands)
Farjon A, Ortiz Garcia S (2003) Cone and ovule development in Cunninghamia and Taiwania (Cupressaceae sensu lato) and its significance for conifer evolution. American Journal of Botany 90, 8–16.
| Cone and ovule development in Cunninghamia and Taiwania (Cupressaceae sensu lato) and its significance for conifer evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Feustel H (1921) Anatomie und Biologie der Gymnospermenblätter. Beihefte Botanisches Centralblatt 38, 177–257.
Florin R (1951) Evolution in cordaites and conifers. Acta Horti Berg 17, 7–37.
Florin R (1954) The female reproductive organs of conifers and taxads. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 29, 367–389.
| The female reproductive organs of conifers and taxads.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Franceschi VR, Krokene P, Christiansen E, Krekling T (2005) Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. New Phytologist 167, 353–376.
| Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpt1ersL8%3D&md5=fca11d263148f044af64dc63f1a80e92CAS |
Gerlach D (1984) ‘Botanische Mikrotomtechnik, eine Einführung.’ (2nd edn) (Thieme: Stuttgart, Germany)
Gerstberger P, Leins P (1978) Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Blütenknospen von Physalis philadelphia (Solanaceae). Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 91, 381–387.
Herzfeld S (1914) Die weibliche Koniferenblüte. Österreichische Botanicheskii Zhurnal 64, 321–358.
Hille N (2002) Vergleichende Studien zur Anatomie und Histogenese von Gymnospermenblättern. Diploma, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum.
Hille N (2008) Morphologische und entwicklungsgenetische Studien zur Blattent-wicklung und Blattevolution bei Gymnospermen am Beispiel von Sciadopitys verticillata Siebold and Zucc. PhD thesis, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum.
Jackson AB (1946) ‘The identification of conifers.’ (Arnold: London)
Jagel A (2002) Morphologische und morphogenetische Untersuchungen zur Systematik und Evolution der Cupressaceae s.l. (Zypressengewächse). PhD thesis, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum.
Jagel A, Dörken VM (2014) Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae – part I: Cunninghamioideae, Athrotaxioideae, Taiwanioideae, Sequoioideae, Taxodioideae. Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 3, 99–121.
Jagel A, Dörken VM (2015a) Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae – part II: Cupressoideae. Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 4, 51–78.
Jagel A, Dörken VM (2015b) Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae – part III: Callitroideae. Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 4, 91–108.
Jagel A, Stützel T (2001) Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Morphogenese der Samenzapfen von Platycladus orientalis (L.) FRANCO (=Thuja orientalis L.) und Microbiota decussata KOM. (Cupressaceae). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 123, 377–404.
Jagel A, Stützel T (2003) On the occurrence of non-axillary ovules in Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (Cupressaceae s. str.). Feddes Repertorium 114, 497–507.
| On the occurrence of non-axillary ovules in Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (Cupressaceae s. str.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keeling CI, Bohlmann J (2006) Diterpene resin acids in conifers. Phytochemistry 67, 2415–2423.
| Diterpene resin acids in conifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFertLbO&md5=95a86a7b5ff54c281f97d7502ca6cf42CAS |
Knopf P, Schulz C, Little DP, Stützel T, Stevenson DW (2012) Relationships within Podocarpaceae based on DNA sequence, anatomical, morphological, and biogeographical data. Cladistics 28, 271–299.
| Relationships within Podocarpaceae based on DNA sequence, anatomical, morphological, and biogeographical data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krüssmann G (1955) ‘Handbuch der Nadelgehölze.’ (1st edn) (Parey: Berlin, Hamburg)
Krüssmann G (1983) ‘Handbuch der Nadelgehölze.’ (2nd edn) (Parey: Berlin, Hamburg)
Martin D, Tholl D, Gershenzon J, Bohlmann J (2002) Methyl jasmonante induces traumatic resin ducts, terpenoid resin biosynthesis and terpenoid accumulation in developing xylem of Norway spruce. Plant Physiology 129, 1003–1018.
| Methyl jasmonante induces traumatic resin ducts, terpenoid resin biosynthesis and terpenoid accumulation in developing xylem of Norway spruce.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsFWqurc%3D&md5=3072e2fd45829f2fdde75c82817b26d3CAS |
Pilger R (1926) Coniferae. In ‘Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere der Nutzpflanzen’. (Ed. A Engler) pp. 121–166, 199–403. (Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany)
Sahni B, Singh TCN (1931) Notes on the vegetative anatomy and female cones of Fitzroya patagonia (Hook. fils.). Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 10, 1–20.
Schuhmann K (1902) Über die weiblichen Blüten der Coniferen. Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz Brandenburg 44, 5–79.
Schulz C, Stützel T (2007) Evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 7, 124–135.
| Evolution of taxodiaceous Cupressaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schulz C, Jagel A, Stützel T (2003) Cone morphology in Juniperus in the light of cone evolution in Cupressaceae s. l. Flora 198, 161–177.
| Cone morphology in Juniperus in the light of cone evolution in Cupressaceae s. l.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schütt P, Schuck HJ, Stimm B (2002) ‘Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten.’ (Nikol: Hamburg, Germany)
Schweitzer HJ (1963) Der weibliche Zapfen von Pseudovoltzia liebeana und seine Bedeutung für die Phylogenie der Koniferen. Palaeontographica Abteilung. B. 113, 1–29.
Takaso T, Tomlinson PB (1989) Aspects of cone and ovule ontogeny in Cryptomeria (Taxodiaceae). American Journal of Botany 76, 692–705.
| Aspects of cone and ovule ontogeny in Cryptomeria (Taxodiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Takaso T, Tomlinson PB (1990) Cone and ovule ontogeny in Taxodium and Glyptostrobus (Taxodiaceae-Coniferales). American Journal of Botany 77, 1209–1221.
| Cone and ovule ontogeny in Taxodium and Glyptostrobus (Taxodiaceae-Coniferales).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Takaso T, Tomlinson PB (1992) Seed cone and ovule ontogeny in Metasequoia, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron (Taxodiaceae-Coniferales). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 109, 15–37.
Tetzlaf M (2005) Die Anatomie des Gymnospermenblattes unter funktionellen und evolutiven Gesichtspunkten. Diploma, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum.
Trapp S, Croteau R (2001) Defensive resin Biosynthesis in conifers. Annual Review of Plant Biology 52, 689–724.
| Defensive resin Biosynthesis in conifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkslWgtr8%3D&md5=ac1123cbeded062f07f35a62a3c4a28fCAS |
Ziegler H (1959) Über die Zusammensetzung des ‘Bestäubungstropfens’ und den Mechanismus seiner Sekretion. Planta 52, 587–599.
| Über die Zusammensetzung des ‘Bestäubungstropfens’ und den Mechanismus seiner Sekretion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG1MXnvVertA%3D%3D&md5=edb996ce68c20323ca9cd21700a477dfCAS |
