The influence of depth-to-groundwater on structure and productivity of Eucalyptus woodlands
Sepideh Zolfaghar A B , Randol Villalobos-Vega A B , James Cleverly A , Melanie Zeppel C , Rizwana Rumman A B and Derek Eamus A B D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environment, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
B National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
C Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava road, North Ryde, NSW 2107, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: Derek.Eamus@uts.edu.au
Australian Journal of Botany 62(5) 428-437 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT14139
Submitted: 27 June 2014 Accepted: 11 September 2014 Published: 8 October 2014
Abstract
Although it is well documented that access to groundwater can help plants survive drought in arid and semiarid areas, there have been few studies in mesic environments that have evaluated variation of vegetation characteristics across a naturally occurring gradient in depth-to-groundwater (DGW). The aim of this study was to determine whether differences in groundwater depth influence structural attributes and productivity of remnant woodlands in south-eastern Australia. The study area was located in the Kangaloon bore-field area of New South Wales, where DGW varies from 2.4 m to 37.5 m and rainfall is plentiful. We examined structural (leaf-area index, basal area, stem density, tree height, Huber value (HV) and aboveground biomass) and functional (aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP)) attributes of seven woodland sites differing in DGW. We also used ∂13C analysis of sapwood across six sites, along with observed non-linear changes in structural attributes, to infer groundwater use by trees. Significant differences in structural attributes and ANPP were observed across sites. The three shallowest sites with 2.4 m, 4.3 m and 5.5 m DWG had significantly larger aboveground biomass and ANPP than did the four deepest sites (DGW ≥9.8 m). Across all attributes (except HV in the summer, where the mean values were significantly larger at sites where DGW was 5.5 m or less and across the four deeper sites (DGW ≥9.8 m), there were no differences in these three structural traits, nor in ANPP. Despite finding no significant differences in HV across sites in the summer, in winter, the two deepest sites had a significantly larger HV than did the two shallowest sites. Significant increases in ∂13C of sapwood occurred across five of the six sites, consistent with increasing water-use efficiency as DGW increased, reflecting the declining availability of groundwater with increasing DGW. This study has demonstrated that even in a mesic environment, putative access to groundwater can have important impacts on structural and functional traits of trees and, consequently, on woodland productivity.
Additional keywords: aboveground biomass (AGB), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), drought, leaf-area index.
References
Anten NPR, Schieving F, Medina E, Werger MJA, Schuffelen P (1995) Optimal leaf area indices in C3 and C4 mono- and dicotyledonous species at low and high nitrogen availability. Physiologia Plantarum 95, 541–550.| Optimal leaf area indices in C3 and C4 mono- and dicotyledonous species at low and high nitrogen availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmtVajsA%3D%3D&md5=271954321c2abcc20f6fed7569eb2766CAS |
Aragao LEOC, Malhi Y, Metcalfe DB, Silva-Espejo JE, Jimenez E, Navarrete D, Almeida S, Costa ACL, Salinas N, Phillips OL, Anderson LO, Alvarez E, Baker TR, Goncalvez PH, Huaman-Ovalle J, Mamani-Solorzano M, Meir P, Monteagudo A, Patino S, Penuela MC, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Rozas-Davila A, Rudas A, Silva JA, Vasquez R (2009) Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils. Biogeosciences 6, 2759–2778.
| Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baldocchi D (2008) Turner Review No. 15. ‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 1–26.
| Turner Review No. 15. ‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFymtLg%3D&md5=b2bb1fa2407ed3209ea1d890bb78e0dbCAS |
Benyon RG, Theiveyanathan S, Doody TM (2006) Impacts of tree plantations on groundwater in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 181–192.
| Impacts of tree plantations on groundwater in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Binkley D, Stape JL, Ryan MG (2004) Thinking about efficiency of resource use in forests. Forest Ecology and Management 193, 5–16.
| Thinking about efficiency of resource use in forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bray JR, Gorham E (1964) Litter production in forests of the world. In ‘Advances in ecological research. Vol. 2’. (Ed. JB Cragg) pp. 101–157. (Academic Press: London)
Brooksbank K, White D, Veneklaas E, Carter J (2011) Hydraulic redistribution in Eucalyptus kochii subsp. borealis with variable access to fresh groundwater. Trees 25, 735–744.
| Hydraulic redistribution in Eucalyptus kochii subsp. borealis with variable access to fresh groundwater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buis E, Veldkamp A, Boeken B, van Breemen N (2009) Controls on plant functional surface cover types along a precipitation gradient in the Negev Desert of Israel. Journal of Arid Environments 73, 82–90.
| Controls on plant functional surface cover types along a precipitation gradient in the Negev Desert of Israel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campoe OC, Stape JL, Nouvellon Y, Laclau J-P, Bauerle WL, Binkley D, Le Maire G (2013) Stem production, light absorption and light use efficiency between dominant and non-dominant trees of Eucalyptus grandis across a productivity gradient in Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management 288, 14–20.
| Stem production, light absorption and light use efficiency between dominant and non-dominant trees of Eucalyptus grandis across a productivity gradient in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JB, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED (1996) Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108, 583–595.
| Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carter JL, White DA (2009) Plasticity in the Huber value contributes to homeostasis in leaf water relations of a mallee eucalypt with variation to groundwater depth. Tree Physiology 29, 1407–1418.
| Plasticity in the Huber value contributes to homeostasis in leaf water relations of a mallee eucalypt with variation to groundwater depth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19797243PubMed |
Cavalcanti GG, Graeme Lockaby B (2006) Effects of sediment deposition on aboveground net primary productivity, vegetation composition, and structure in riparian forests. Wetlands 26, 400–409.
| Effects of sediment deposition on aboveground net primary productivity, vegetation composition, and structure in riparian forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chambers J, Schimel J, Nobre A (2001) Respiration from coarse wood litter in central Amazon forests. Biogeochemistry 52, 115–131.
| Respiration from coarse wood litter in central Amazon forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chave J, Navarrete D, Almeida S, Ivarez E, Aragao LEOC, Bonal P, Chatelet JE, Silva-Espejo JE, Goret JY, von Hildebrand P, Jimenez E, Penuela MC, Phillips OL, Stevenson P, Malhi Y (2010) Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America. Biogeosciences 7, 43–52.
| Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen X, Hutley L, Eamus D (2003) Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia. Oecologia 137, 405–416.
| Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12942361PubMed |
Choat B, Ball M, Luly J, Holtum JM (2005) Hydraulic architecture of deciduous and evergreen dry rainforest tree species from north-eastern Australia. Trees 19, 305–311.
| Hydraulic architecture of deciduous and evergreen dry rainforest tree species from north-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark D, Brown S, Kicklighter DW, Chambers JQ, Thomlinson JR, Ni J (2001) Measuring net primary productivity in forests: concepts and field methods. Ecological Applications 11, 356–370.
Cook PG, Hatton TJ, Pidsley D, Herczeg AL, Held A, O’Grady A, Eamus D (1998) Water balance of a tropical woodland ecosystem, northern Australia: a combination of micro-meteorological, soil physical and groundwater chemical approaches. Journal of Hydrology 210, 161–177.
| Water balance of a tropical woodland ecosystem, northern Australia: a combination of micro-meteorological, soil physical and groundwater chemical approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntVymt7k%3D&md5=bb7283da2da08640af3b4f7fa6186dddCAS |
Cooper DJ, D’Amico DR, Scott ML (2003) Physiological and morphological response patterns of Populus deltoides to alluvial groundwater pumping. Environmental Management 31, 215–226.
Coops NC, Waring RH, Landsberg JJ (1998) Assessing forest productivity in Australia and New Zealand using a physiologically-based model driven with averaged monthly weather data and satellite-derived estimates of canopy photosynthetic capacity. Forest Ecology and Management 104, 113–127.
| Assessing forest productivity in Australia and New Zealand using a physiologically-based model driven with averaged monthly weather data and satellite-derived estimates of canopy photosynthetic capacity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Danielopol DL, Griebler C, Gunatilaka A, Notenboom J (2003) Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems. Environmental Conservation 30, 104–130.
| Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXms1Gktr4%3D&md5=1fa34e8287c99ffedb03ad516cb97250CAS |
Eamus D (2003) How does ecosystem water balance affect net primary productivity of woody ecosystems? Functional Plant Biology 30, 187–205.
| How does ecosystem water balance affect net primary productivity of woody ecosystems?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eamus D, Froend R, Loomes R, Hose G, Murray B (2006a) A functional methodology for determining the groundwater regime needed to maintain the health of groundwater-dependent vegetation. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 97–114.
| A functional methodology for determining the groundwater regime needed to maintain the health of groundwater-dependent vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eamus D, Haton T, Cook P, Colvin C (2006b) ‘Ecohydrology: vegetation function, water and resource management.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Ellis TW, Hatton TJ (2008) Relating leaf area index of natural eucalypt vegetation to climate variables in southern Australia. Agricultural Water Management 95, 743–747.
| Relating leaf area index of natural eucalypt vegetation to climate variables in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elmore AJ, Manning SJ, Mustard JF, Craine JM (2006) Decline in alkali meadow vegetation cover in California: the effects of groundwater extraction and drought. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 770–779.
| Decline in alkali meadow vegetation cover in California: the effects of groundwater extraction and drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farquhar GD, Hubick KT, Condon AG, Richards RA (1989) Carbon isotope fractionation and plant water-use efficiency. In ‘Stable isotopes in ecological research. Vol. 68’. (Eds PW Rundel, JR Ehleringer, KA Nagy) pp. 21–40. (Springer: New York)
Ford CR, Mitchell RJ, Teskey RO (2008) Water table depth affects productivity, water use, and the response to nitrogen addition in a savanna system. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 2118–2127.
| Water table depth affects productivity, water use, and the response to nitrogen addition in a savanna system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptFyntrc%3D&md5=c366db1b73abb822eaaddff4f7ca74c3CAS |
Forrester DI, Collopy JJ, Beadle CL, Baker TG (2013) Effect of thinning, pruning and nitrogen fertiliser application on light interception and light-use efficiency in a young Eucalyptus nitens plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 288, 21–30.
| Effect of thinning, pruning and nitrogen fertiliser application on light interception and light-use efficiency in a young Eucalyptus nitens plantation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Froend R, Sommer B (2010) Phreatophytic vegetation response to climatic and abstraction-induced groundwater drawdown: examples of long-term spatial and temporal variability in community response. Ecological Engineering 36, 1191–1200.
| Phreatophytic vegetation response to climatic and abstraction-induced groundwater drawdown: examples of long-term spatial and temporal variability in community response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fuentes S, Palmer AR, Taylor D, Zeppel M, Whitley R, Eamus D (2008) An automated procedure for estimating the leaf area index (LAI) of woodland ecosystems using digital imagery, MATLAB programming and its application to an examination of the relationship between remotely sensed and field measurements of LAI. Functional Plant Biology 35, 1070–1079.
| An automated procedure for estimating the leaf area index (LAI) of woodland ecosystems using digital imagery, MATLAB programming and its application to an examination of the relationship between remotely sensed and field measurements of LAI.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
González E, González-Sanchis M, Comín FA, Muller E (2012) Hydrologic thresholds for riparian forest conservation in a regulated large Mediterranean river. River Research and Applications 28, 71–80.
| Hydrologic thresholds for riparian forest conservation in a regulated large Mediterranean river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harrington R, Fownes J, Meinzer F, Scowcroft P (1995) Forest growth along a rainfall gradient in Hawaii: Acacia koa stand structure, productivity, foliar nutrients, and water- and nutrient-use efficiencies. Oecologia 102, 277–284.
| Forest growth along a rainfall gradient in Hawaii: Acacia koa stand structure, productivity, foliar nutrients, and water- and nutrient-use efficiencies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hatton T, Evans R (1998) ‘Dependence of ecosystems on groundwater and its significance to Australia.’ (Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation: Canberra)
Hatton TJ, Wu Hsin I (1995) Scaling theory to extrapolate individual tree water use to stand water use. Hydrological Processes 9, 527–540.
| Scaling theory to extrapolate individual tree water use to stand water use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Horner GJ, Baker PJ, Mac Nally R, Cunningham SC, Thomson JR, Hamilton F (2009) Mortality of developing floodplain forests subjected to a drying climate and water extraction. Global Change Biology 15, 2176–2186.
| Mortality of developing floodplain forests subjected to a drying climate and water extraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Horton JL, Kolb TE, Hart SC (2001) Responses of riparian trees to interannual variation in ground water depth in a semi-arid river basin. Plant, Cell & Environment 24, 293–304.
| Responses of riparian trees to interannual variation in ground water depth in a semi-arid river basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Knapp AK, Smith MD (2001) Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production. Science 291, 481–484.
| Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlslensg%3D%3D&md5=1e0714483ded42f149057517ffbee60fCAS | 11161201PubMed |
Lane DR, Coffin DP, Lauenroth WK (2000) Changes in grassland canopy structure across a precipitation gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science 11, 359–368.
| Changes in grassland canopy structure across a precipitation gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leffler AJ, Evans AS (1999) Variation in carbon isotope composition among years in the riparian tree Populus fremontii. Oecologia 119, 311–319.
| Variation in carbon isotope composition among years in the riparian tree Populus fremontii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macfarlane C, Arndt SK, Livesley SJ, Edgar AC, White DA, Adams MA, Eamus D (2007) Estimation of leaf area index in eucalypt forest with vertical foliage, using cover and fullframe fisheye photography. Forest Ecology and Management 242, 756–763.
| Estimation of leaf area index in eucalypt forest with vertical foliage, using cover and fullframe fisheye photography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macinnis-Ng C, McClenahan K, Eamus D (2004) Convergence in hydraulic architecture, water relations and primary productivity amongst habitats and across seasons in Sydney. Functional Plant Biology 31, 429–439.
| Convergence in hydraulic architecture, water relations and primary productivity amongst habitats and across seasons in Sydney.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mata-González R, McLendon T, Martin DW, Trlica MJ, Pearce RA (2012) Vegetation as affected by groundwater depth and microtopography in a shallow aquifer area of the Great Basin. Ecohydrology 5, 54–63.
| Vegetation as affected by groundwater depth and microtopography in a shallow aquifer area of the Great Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McClenahan K, Macinnis-Ng C, Eamus D (2004) Hydraulic architecture and water relations of several species at diverse sites around Sydney. Australian Journal of Botany 52, 509–518.
| Hydraulic architecture and water relations of several species at diverse sites around Sydney.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDowell N, Pockman WT, Allen CD, Breshears DD, Cobb N, Kolb T, Plaut J, Sperry J, West A, Williams DG, Yepez EA (2008) Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist 178, 719–739.
| Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18422905PubMed |
McLendon T, Hubbard PJ, Martin DW (2008) Partitioning the use of precipitation- and groundwater-derived moisture by vegetation in an arid ecosystem in California. Journal of Arid Environments 72, 986–1001.
| Partitioning the use of precipitation- and groundwater-derived moisture by vegetation in an arid ecosystem in California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Megonigal JP, Conner WH, Kroeger S, Sharitz RR (1997) Aboveground production in southeastern floodplain forests: a test of the subsidy-stress hypothesis. Ecology 78, 370–384.
Meier I, Leuschner C (2008) Leaf size and leaf area index in Fagus sylvatica forests: competing effects of precipitation, temperature, and nitrogen availability. Ecosystems 11, 655–669.
| Leaf size and leaf area index in Fagus sylvatica forests: competing effects of precipitation, temperature, and nitrogen availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVOntL7K&md5=d2cfd1ba3ad76fa52fa15bf4de5d4d33CAS |
Miller GR, Chen X, Rubin Y, Ma S, Baldocchi DD (2010) Groundwater uptake by woody vegetation in a semiarid oak savanna. Water Resources Research 46, W10503
| Groundwater uptake by woody vegetation in a semiarid oak savanna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Montagu KD, Düttmer K, Barton CVM, Cowie AL (2005) Developing general allometric relationships for regional estimates of carbon sequestration – an example using Eucalyptus pilularis from seven contrasting sites. Forest Ecology and Management 204, 115–129.
| Developing general allometric relationships for regional estimates of carbon sequestration – an example using Eucalyptus pilularis from seven contrasting sites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murphy P (1975) Net primary productivity in tropical terrestrial ecosystems. In ‘Primary productivity of the biosphere’. (Eds H Lieth, R Whittaker) pp. 217–231. (Springer: Berlin)
Naumburg E, Mata-gonzalez R, Hunter RG, McLendon T, Martin DW (2005) Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: a review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on great basin vegetation. Environmental Management 35, 726–740.
| Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: a review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on great basin vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15940400PubMed |
Nevill JC, Hancock PJ, Murray BR, Ponder WF, Humphreys WF, Phillips ML, Groom PK (2010) Groundwater-dependent ecosystems and the dangers of groundwater overdraft: a review and an Australian perspective. Pacific Conservation Biology 16, 187–208.
Niinemets Ü (2010) A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance. Ecological Research 25, 693–714.
| A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nunes L, Lopes D, Castro Rego F, Gower ST (2013) Aboveground biomass and net primary production of pine, oak and mixed pine–oak forests on the Vila Real district, Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management 305, 38–47.
| Aboveground biomass and net primary production of pine, oak and mixed pine–oak forests on the Vila Real district, Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Grady AP, Cook PG, Howe P, Werren G (2006a) Groundwater use by dominant tree species in tropical remnant vegetation communities. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 155–171.
| Groundwater use by dominant tree species in tropical remnant vegetation communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Grady AP, Eamus D, Cook PG, Lamontagne S (2006b) Comparative water use by the riparian trees Melaleuca argentea and Corymbia bella in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. Tree Physiology 26, 219–228.
| Comparative water use by the riparian trees Melaleuca argentea and Corymbia bella in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MnntVejuw%3D%3D&md5=1a05cfb50348a51869b4e0b1e78b7cb5CAS | 16356919PubMed |
O’Grady AP, Carter JL, Holland K (2010) Review of Australian groundwater discharge studies of terrestrial systems. CSIRO: Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. CSIRO, Melbourne.
O’Grady AP, Carter JL, Bruce J (2011) Can we predict groundwater discharge from terrestrial ecosystems using existing eco-hydrological concepts? Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, 3731–3739.
| Can we predict groundwater discharge from terrestrial ecosystems using existing eco-hydrological concepts?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pfeifer M, Gonsamo A, Disney M, Pellikka P, Marchant R (2012) Leaf area index for biomes of the Eastern Arc Mountains: Landsat and SPOT observations along precipitation and altitude gradients. Remote Sensing of Environment 118, 103–115.
| Leaf area index for biomes of the Eastern Arc Mountains: Landsat and SPOT observations along precipitation and altitude gradients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Polglase P, Benyon RG (2009) ‘The impacts of plantations and native forests on water security: review and scientific assessment of regional issues and research needs.’ (Forest and Wood Products Australia: Melbourne)
Posada JM, Sievänen R, Messier C, Perttunen J, Nikinmaa E, Lechowicz MJ (2012) Contributions of leaf photosynthetic capacity, leaf angle and self-shading to the maximization of net photosynthesis in Acer saccharum: a modelling assessment. Annals of Botany 110, 731–741.
| Contributions of leaf photosynthetic capacity, leaf angle and self-shading to the maximization of net photosynthesis in Acer saccharum: a modelling assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22665700PubMed |
Runhaar J, van Gool CR, Groen CLG (1996) Impact of hydrological changes on nature conservation areas in The Netherlands. Biological Conservation 76, 269–276.
| Impact of hydrological changes on nature conservation areas in The Netherlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scott ML, Shafroth PB, Auble GT (1999) Responses of riparian cottonwoods to alluvial water table declines. Environmental Management 23, 347–358.
| Responses of riparian cottonwoods to alluvial water table declines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9950697PubMed |
Sommer B, Froend R (2011) Resilience of phreatophytic vegetation to groundwater drawdown: is recovery possible under a drying climate? Ecohydrology 4, 67–82.
| Resilience of phreatophytic vegetation to groundwater drawdown: is recovery possible under a drying climate?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun G, Alstad K, Chen J, Chen S, Ford CR, Lin G, Liu C, Lu N, McNulty SG, Miao H, Noormets A, Bove JM, Wilske B, Zeppel M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z (2011) A general predictive model for estimating monthly ecosystem evapotranspiraion. Ecohydrology 4, 245–255.
Stromberg JC, Tiller R, Richter B (1996) Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: the San Pedro, Arizona. Ecological Applications 6, 113–131.
| Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: the San Pedro, Arizona.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor D, Eamus D (2008) Coordinating leaf functional traits with branch hydraulic conductivity: resource substitution and implications for carbon gain. Tree Physiology 28, 1169–1177.
| Coordinating leaf functional traits with branch hydraulic conductivity: resource substitution and implications for carbon gain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18519248PubMed |
Turner NC, Schulze E-D, Nicolle D, Schumacher J, Kuhlmann I (2008) Annual rainfall does not directly determine the carbon isotope ratio of leaves of Eucalyptus species. Physiologia Plantarum 132, 440–445.
| Annual rainfall does not directly determine the carbon isotope ratio of leaves of Eucalyptus species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksFWktLc%3D&md5=fb68acf374ee32ebed99c6cd65ba2d34CAS | 18333997PubMed |
Vertessy R, Benyon R, O’sullivan S, Gribben P (1995) Relationships between stem diameter, sapwood area, leaf area and transpiration in a young mountain ash forest. Tree Physiology 15, 559–567.
| Relationships between stem diameter, sapwood area, leaf area and transpiration in a young mountain ash forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14965913PubMed |
White DA, Hood CS (2004) Vegetation patterns and environmental gradients in tropical dry forests of the northern Yucatan Peninsula. Journal of Vegetation Science 15, 151–160.
| Vegetation patterns and environmental gradients in tropical dry forests of the northern Yucatan Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitley RJ, Macinnis-Ng CMO, Hutley LB, Beringer J, Zeppel M, Williams M, Taylor D, Eamus D (2011) Is productivity of mesic savannas light limited or water limited? Results of a simulation study. Global Change Biology 17, 3130–3149.
| Is productivity of mesic savannas light limited or water limited? Results of a simulation study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams RJ, Zerihun A, Montagu KD, Hoffman M, Hutley LB, Chen X (2005) Allometry for estimating aboveground tree biomass in tropical and subtropical eucalypt woodlands: towards general predictive equations. Australian Journal of Botany 53, 607–619.
| Allometry for estimating aboveground tree biomass in tropical and subtropical eucalypt woodlands: towards general predictive equations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zegada-Lizarazu W, Iijima M (2005) Deep root water uptake ability and water use efficiency of pearl millet in comparison to other millet species. Plant Production Science 8, 454–460.
| Deep root water uptake ability and water use efficiency of pearl millet in comparison to other millet species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zeppel M, Eamus D (2008) Coordination of leaf area, sapwood area and canopy conductance leads to species convergence of tree water use in a remnant evergreen woodland. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 97–108.
| Coordination of leaf area, sapwood area and canopy conductance leads to species convergence of tree water use in a remnant evergreen woodland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhao Y, Zhao CY, Xu ZL, Liu YY, Wang Y, Wang C, Peng HH, Zheng XL (2012) Physiological responses of populus euphratica oliv. to groundwater table variations in the lower reaches of Heihe River, northwest China. Journal of Arid Land 4, 281–291.
| Physiological responses of populus euphratica oliv. to groundwater table variations in the lower reaches of Heihe River, northwest China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zolfaghar S (2014) ‘Comparative ecoophysiology of Eucalyptus woodlands along a depth-to-groundwater gradient.’ (University of Technology of Sydney: nSydney)
